Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS

EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS

N. V. KORONOVSKII,

V. A. ABRAMOV

The parameters of earth-quakes, methods of their interpretation, reasons of their origin and distribu-tion on the Earth are con-sidered. Problems of their prognoses are discussed as well.

Agrave;ññìàòðèâàþòñß ïàðà-ìåòðû çåìëåòðßñåíèé, ñïîñîáû èõ ðåãèñòðàöèè, ïðè÷èíû âîçíèêíîâåíèß è ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïî çåì-íîìó øàðó. Žáñóæäàþò-ñß âîïðîñû ïðîãíîçà çåìëåòðßñåíèé.

© Šîðîíîâñêèé •.‚., Äáðàìîâ ‚.Ä., 1998

‡…Œ‹…’•Ÿ‘…•ˆŸ: ••ˆ—ˆ•›, •Ž‘‹…„‘’‚ˆŸ, ••Žƒ•Ž‡

Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru

•. ‚. ŠŽ•Ž•Ž‚‘Šˆ‰, ‚. Ä. Ä••ÄŒŽ‚

Œîñêîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò èì. Œ.‚. ‹îìîíîñîâà

„àëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òåõíè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò, ‚ëàäèâîñòîê

‚‚…„…•ˆ…

‡åìëåòðßñåíèß Ð ýòî îäíè èç íàèáîëåå ñòðàøíûõ ïðèðîäíûõ êàòàñòðîô, óíîñßùèå äåñßòêè è ñîòíè òûñß÷ ÷åëîâå÷åñêèõ æèçíåé è âûçûâàþùèå îïóñòî-øèòåëüíûå ðàçðóøåíèß íà îãðîìíûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâàõ. 7 äåêàáðß 1988 ãîäà â €ðìåíèè ïðîèçîøëî ìîùíîå çåìëåòðßñåíèå, íàçâàííîå ‘ïèòàêñêèì ïî íàèìåíî-âàíèþ ãîðîäà, ïîëíîñòüþ ñòåðòîãî ñ ëèöà ‡åìëè. ’îãäà çà íåñêîëüêî ñåêóíä ïîãèáëî áîëåå 25 òûñ. ÷å-ëîâåê, à íåñêîëüêî ñîò òûñß÷ ïîëó÷èëè ðàíåíèß. €øõàáàäñêîå çåìëåòðßñåíèå â íî÷ü ñ 5 íà 6 îêòßáðß 1948 ãîäà óíåñëî áîëåå 100 òûñ. æèçíåé. ‚ Šèòàå â 1920 ãîäó ïîãèáëè 200 òûñ. ÷åëîâåê, â 1923 ãîäó â Ÿïîíèè Ð áîëåå 100 òûñ. •ðèìåðîâ êàòàñòðîôè÷åñ-êèõ çåìëåòðßñåíèé, ïîâëåêøèõ çà ñîáîé áîëüøèå æåðòâû, î÷åíü ìíîãî. •àïðèìåð, â 1755 ãîäó â ‹èñ-ñàáîíå, â 1906 ãîäó â ‘àí-”ðàíöèñêî, â 1908 ãîäó â ‘èöèëèè, â 1950 ãîäó â ƒèìàëàßõ, â 1957 ãîäó â ‡à-ïàäíîé Œîíãîëèè è â 1960 ãîäó â —èëè. ‚ 1976 ãîäó 250 òûñ. ÷åëîâåê ñòàëè æåðòâàìè î÷åíü ñèëüíîãî ’àíøàíüñêîãî çåìëåòðßñåíèß â Šèòàå. 3100 ÷åëîâåê ïîãèáëè ïðè çåìëåòðßñåíèè â 1980 ãîäó â ˆòàëèè, 2500 Ð â 1981 ãîäó â ˆðàíå. ‚ 1993 ãîäó ñèëüíîå çåì-ëåòðßñåíèå îáðóøèëîñü íà ßïîíñêèé ãîðîä Šîáå, âûçâàâ ïîæàðû, îïóñòîøèâøèå öåëûå êâàðòàëû è ïîâëåêøèå ÷åëîâå÷åñêèå æåðòâû. ‚ 1994 ãîäó ìîù-íûå ïîäçåìíûå òîë÷êè ñîòðßñàëè ‘àí-”ðàíöèñêî, îáðóøèâ àâòîìîáèëüíûå ýñòàêàäû. ’ðàãåäèåé îáåð-íóëîñü çåìëåòðßñåíèå íà ñåâåðå ‘àõàëèíà â 1995 ãî-äó â •åôòåãîðñêå, êîãäà ðóõíóëè íåñêîëüêî çäàíèé, ïîä îáëîìêàìè êîòîðûõ ïîãèáëè 2 òûñ. ÷åëîâåê. ‡è-ìîé 1998 ãîäà ìîùíîå çåìëåòðßñåíèå îáðóøèëîñü íà €ôãàíèñòàí. •òîò ñïèñîê ìîæíî ïðîäîëæàòü áåñêîíå÷íî, òàê êàê çåìëåòðßñåíèß ðàçíîé ñèëû è â ðàçíûõ ðàéîíàõ çåìíîãî øàðà ïðîèñõîäßò ïîñòîßí-íî, íàíîñß îãðîìíûé ìàòåðèàëüíûé óùåðá è ïðè-âîäß ê ìíîãî÷èñëåííûì æåðòâàì. ˆìåííî ïîýòîìó ó÷åíûå ðàçëè÷íûõ ñòðàí ïðåäïðèíèìàþò áîëüøèå óñèëèß â èçó÷åíèè ïðèðîäû çåìëåòðßñåíèé è èõ ïðîãíîçà. Š ñîæàëåíèþ, ïðåäñêàçàòü ìåñòî è âðåìß çåìëåòðßñåíèß, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì íåñêîëüêèõ ñëó÷à-åâ, äî ñèõ ïîð åùå íå óäàåòñß.

ŠŽ•Ž•Ž‚‘Šˆ‰ •.‚., Ä••ÄŒŽ‚ ‚.Ä. ‡…Œ‹…’•Ÿ‘…•ˆŸ

••ˆ—ˆ•› ‚Ž‡•ˆŠ•Ž‚…•ˆŸ ‡…Œ‹…’•Ÿ‘…•ˆ‰ ˆ ˆ• •Ä•ÄŒ…’•›

‹þáîå çåìëåòðßñåíèå Ð ýòî ìãíîâåííîå âûñâî-áîæäåíèå ýíåðãèè çà ñ÷åò îáðàçîâàíèß ðàçðûâà ãîð-íûõ ïîðîä, âîçíèêàþùåãî â íåêîòîðîì îáúåìå, íà-çûâàåìîì î÷àãîì çåìëåòðßñåíèß, ãðàíèöû êîòîðîãî íå ìîãóò áûòü îïðåäåëåíû äîñòàòî÷íî ñòðîãî è çà-âèñßò îò ñòðóêòóðû è íàïðßæåííî-äåôîðìèðîâàí-íîãî ñîñòîßíèß ãîðíûõ ïîðîä â äàííîì êîíêðåòíîì ìåñòå. „åôîðìàöèß, ïðîèñõîäßùàß ñêà÷êîîáðàçíî, èçëó÷àåò óïðóãèå âîëíû. Žáúåì äåôîðìèðóåìûõ ïî-ðîä èãðàåò âàæíóþ ðîëü, îïðåäåëßß ñèëó ñåéñìè÷å-ñêîãî òîë÷êà è âûäåëèâøóþñß ýíåðãèþ.

•îëüøèå ïðîñòðàíñòâà çåìíîé êîðû èëè âåðõ-íåé ìàíòèè ‡åìëè, â êîòîðûõ ïðîèñõîäßò ðàçðûâû è âîçíèêàþò íåóïðóãèå òåêòîíè÷åñêèå äåôîðìàöèè, ïîðîæäàþò ñèëüíûå çåìëåòðßñåíèß: ÷åì ìåíüøå îáúåì î÷àãà, òåì ñëàáåå ñåéñìè÷åñêèå òîë÷êè. ƒèïî-öåíòðîì, èëè ôîêóñîì, çåìëåòðßñåíèß íàçûâàþò óñëîâíûé öåíòð î÷àãà íà ãëóáèíå, à ýïèöåíòðîì Ð ïðîåêöèþ ãèïîöåíòðà íà ïîâåðõíîñòü ‡åìëè. ‡îíà ñèëüíûõ êîëåáàíèé è çíà÷èòåëüíûõ ðàçðóøåíèé íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ïðè çåìëåòðßñåíèè íàçûâàåòñß ïëåé-ñòîñåéñòîâîé îáëàñòüþ (ðèñ. 1).

•î ãëóáèíå ðàñïîëîæåíèß ãèïîöåíòðîâ çåìëå-òðßñåíèß äåëßòñß íà òðè òèïà: 1) ìåëêîôîêóñíûå (0Ð70 êì), 2) ñðåäíåôîêóñíûå (70Ð300 êì), 3) ãëó-áîêîôîêóñíûå (300Ð700 êì). —àùå âñåãî î÷àãè çåì-ëåòðßñåíèé ñîñðåäîòî÷åíû â çåìíîé êîðå íà ãëóáè-íå 10Ð30 êì. Šàê ïðàâèëî, ãëàâíîìó ïîäçåìíîìó ñåéñìè÷åñêîìó óäàðó ïðåäøåñòâóþò ëîêàëüíûå òîë÷êè Ð ôîðøîêè. ‘åéñìè÷åñêèå òîë÷êè, âîçíè-êàþùèå ïîñëå ãëàâíîãî óäàðà, íàçûâàþòñß àôòåð-øîêàìè. •ðîèñõîäßùèå â òå÷åíèå çíà÷èòåëüíîãî âðåìåíè àôòåðøîêè ñïîñîáñòâóþò ðàçðßäêå íàïðß-

•ëåéñòîñåéñòîâàß

îáëàñòü •ïèöåíòð ˆçîñåéñòû â áàëëàõ

Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru

 
   
     

ƒèïîöåíòð (î÷àã çåìëåòðßñåíèß)

’åêòîíè÷åñêèé ðàçðûâ (ñäâèã)

•èñ. 1.‘õåìà ñòðîåíèß î÷àãà çåìëåòðßñåíèß

æåíèé â î÷àãå è âîçíèêíîâåíèþ íîâûõ ðàçðûâîâ â òîëùå ãîðíûõ ïîðîä, îêðóæàþùèõ î÷àã.

Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru

Ž÷àã çåìëåòðßñåíèß õàðàêòåðèçóåòñß èíòåí-ñèâíîñòüþ ñåéñìè÷åñêîãî ýôôåêòà, âûðàæàåìîãî â áàëëàõ è ìàãíèòóäå. ‚ •îññèè èñïîëüçóåòñß 12-áàëëüíàß øêàëà èíòåíñèâíîñòè ŒåäâåäåâàИïîí-õîéåðàЊàðíèêà (ŒSŠ-64). ‘îãëàñíî ýòîé øêàëå, ïðèíßòà ñëåäóþùàß ãðàäàöèß èíòåíñèâíîñòè çåìëå-òðßñåíèé: IÐIII áàëëà Ð ñëàáûå, IVÐV Ð îùóòèìûå, VIÐVII Ð ñèëüíûå (ðàçðóøàþòñß âåòõèå ïîñòðîéêè), VIII Ð ðàçðóøèòåëüíûå (÷àñòè÷íî ðàçðóøàþòñß ïðî÷íûå çäàíèß, ïàäàþò ôàáðè÷íûå òðóáû), I• Ð îïóñòîøèòåëüíûå (ðàçðóøàåòñß áîëüøèíñòâî çäà-íèé), • Ð óíè÷òîæàþùèå (ðàçðóøàþòñß ìîñòû, âîç-íèêàþò îïîëçíè è îáâàëû), •I Ð êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêèå (ðàçðóøàþòñß âñå ñîîðóæåíèß, èçìåíßåòñß ëàíä-øàôò), •II Ð ãóáèòåëüíûå êàòàñòðîôû (âûçûâàþò èçìåíåíèß ðåëüåôà ìåñòíîñòè íà îáøèðíîé òåð-ðèòîðèè). Œàãíèòóäà çåìëåòðßñåíèß ïî —àðëüçó ”. •èõòåðó îïðåäåëßåòñß êàê äåñßòè÷íûé ëîãàðèôì îòíîøåíèß ìàêñèìàëüíûõ àìïëèòóä ñåéñìè÷åñêèõ âîëí äàííîãî çåìëåòðßñåíèß (€) ê àìïëèòóäå òàêèõ æå âîëí íåêîòîðîãî ñòàíäàðòíîãî çåìëåòðßñåíèß (€õ). —åì áîëüøå ðàçìàõ âîëíû, òåì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî áîëüøå ñìåùåíèå ãðóíòà:

A

M = log------.

Ax

Œàãíèòóäà 0 îçíà÷àåò çåìëåòðßñåíèå ñ ìàêñèìàëü-íîé àìïëèòóäîé 1 ìêì íà ýïèöåíòðàëüíîì ðàññòîß-íèè â 100 êì. •ðè ìàãíèòóäå, ðàâíîé 5, îòìå÷àþòñß íåáîëüøèå ðàçðóøåíèß çäàíèé. Žïóñòîøèòåëüíûé òîë÷îê èìååò ìàãíèòóäó 7. ‘àìûå ñèëüíûå èç çàðå-ãèñòðèðîâàííûõ çåìëåòðßñåíèé äîñòèãàþò âåëè÷è-íû 8,5Ð8,9 ïî øêàëå •èõòåðà. ‚ íàñòîßùåå âðåìß îöåíêà çåìëåòðßñåíèé â ìàãíèòóäàõ ïðèìåíßåòñß ÷àùå, ÷åì â áàëëàõ.

Œåæäó èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ (I0) çåìëåòðßñåíèß â ýïèöåíòðå, êîòîðîå âûðàæàåòñß â áàëëàõ, è ìàãíè-òóäîé (Œ) ñóùåñòâóåò ñîîòíîøåíèå

I0= 1,7⋅ Œ −2,2; Œ = 0,6⋅ I0+ 1,2.

•îëåå ñëîæíîå óðàâíåíèå õàðàêòåðèçóåò ñâßçü ìåæäó èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ êîëåáàíèß I0 , ìàãíèòóäîé Œ è ãëóáèíîé î÷àãà •:

I0= àŒ − blog• + ñ,

ãäå à, b, ñ Ð êîýôôèöèåíòû, îïðåäåëßåìûå ýìïèðè-÷åñêè äëß êîíêðåòíîãî ðàéîíà çåìëåòðßñåíèß.

‹èíèè, ñîåäèíßþùèå ïóíêòû ñ îäèíàêîâîé èí-òåíñèâíîñòüþ êîëåáàíèé, íàçûâàþòñß èçîñåéñòà-ìè. ‚ ýïèöåíòðå çåìëåòðßñåíèß ïîâåðõíîñòü ‡åìëè èñïûòûâàåò â îñíîâíîì âåðòèêàëüíûå êîëåáàíèß. •ðè óäàëåíèè îò ýïèöåíòðà âîçðàñòàåò ðîëü ãîðè-çîíòàëüíîé ñîñòàâëßþùåé êîëåáàíèé.

•íåðãèß, âûäåëßþùàßñß ïðè çåìëåòðßñåíèßõ, … = = π2ρV(à/’), ãäå V Ð ñêîðîñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèß ñåéñìè÷åñêèõ âîëí, ρ Ð ïëîòíîñòü âåðõíèõ ñëîåâ

Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998

Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru

‡åìëè, à Ð àìïëèòóäà ñìåùåíèß, ’ Ð ïåðèîä êîëå-áàíèé. ˆñõîäíûì ìàòåðèàëîì äëß ðàñ÷åòà ýíåð-ãèè ñëóæàò äàííûå ñåéñìîãðàìì. •. ƒóòåíáåðã, êàê è —. •èõòåð, ðàáîòàâøèé â Šàëèôîðíèéñêîì òåõíî-ëîãè÷åñêîì èíñòèòóòå, ïðåäëîæèë ñâßçü ìåæäó ýíåðãèåé çåìëåòðßñåíèß è åãî ìàãíèòóäîé ïî øêàëå •èõòåðà:

logE = 9,9 + 1,9Œ − 0,024Œ2.

„àííàß ôîðìóëà ïîêàçûâàåò êîëîññàëüíîå âîçðà-ñòàíèå ýíåðãèè ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè ìàãíèòóäû çåìëå-òðßñåíèß (ðèñ. 2). •íåðãèß çåìëåòðßñåíèé â íåñêîëü-êî ìèëëèîíîâ ðàç ïðåâûøàåò ýíåðãèþ ñòàíäàðòíîé àòîìíîé áîìáû â 100 êò (1000 ⋅ 1018 ýðã). •àïðèìåð, ïðè €øõàáàäñêîì çåìëåòðßñåíèè 1948 ãîäó âûäåëè-ëîñü ýíåðãèè 1023 ýðã, ïðè •àèòñêîì â ’àäæèêèñòàíå â 1949 ãîäó Ð 5 ⋅ 1024 ýðã, â 1960 ãîäó â —èëè Ð 1025 ýðã. •î âñåìó çåìíîìó øàðó â ñðåäíåì çà ãîä çà ñ÷åò çåì-ëåòðßñåíèé âûäåëßåòñß îêîëî 0,5 ⋅ 1026 ýðã ýíåðãèè.

‚àæíûì ïîíßòèåì â ñåéñìîëîãèè ßâëßåòñß óäåëü-íàß ñåéñìè÷åñêàß ìîùíîñòü, òî åñòü êîëè÷åñòâî ýíåðãèè, âûäåëèâøåéñß â åäèíèöå îáúåìà, íàïðè-ìåð â 1 ì3, çà åäèíèöó âðåìåíè 1 ñ. ‘åéñìè÷åñêèå âîëíû, îáðàçóþùèåñß ïðè ìãíîâåííîé äåôîðìà-öèè â î÷àãàõ çåìëåòðßñåíèé, ïðîèçâîäßò îñíîâíóþ ðàçðóøàþùóþ ðàáîòó íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ‡åìëè. ˆçâå-ñòíû òðè ãëàâíûõ òèïà óïðóãèõ âîëí, ñîçäàþùèõ òà-êèå ñåéñìè÷åñêèå êîëåáàíèß, êîòîðûå îùóùàþòñß ëþäüìè è âûçûâàþò ðàçðóøåíèß: îáúåìíûå ïðî-

•íåðãèß, ýðã × 1018

107         ‘èëüíåéøåå, êîãäà-ëèáî      
      çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííîå çåìëåòðßñåíèå      
           
          ‚îäîðîäíàß áîìáà      
        €ëßñêèíñêîå çåìëåòðßñåíèå 1964 ã.      
106   ‘àí-”ðàíöèññêîå çåìëåòðßñåíèå 1906 ã.      
       
        ‘óòî÷íîå ïîòðåáëåíèå          
        ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè â ‘˜€          
105   ƒâàòåìàëüñêîå çåìëåòðßñåíèå 1976 ã.          
           
        ˆòàëüßíñêîå              
104   çåìëåòðßñåíèå 1980 ã.              
      ‡åìëåòðßñåíèå              
    â ‘àí-”åðíàíäî 1971 ã.              
    ‡åìëåòðßñåíèå              
103   â Šîàëèíãå 1983 ã.              
    €òîìíàß áîìáà              
    ‡åìëåòðßñåíèå              
102   â ‘àíòà-•àðáàðå              
  1978 ã.                
                 
                   
101                        
                       
100                        
                     
 

Auml;‡Ž‚Ä’…‹œ•›‰ †“••Ä‹, Ü12, 1998. EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, PROGNOSIS - student2.ru Œàãíèòóäà ïî •èõòåðó

•èñ. 2.‘îîòíîøåíèå ìåæäó ñåéñìè÷åñêîé ýíåð-ãèåé è ìàãíèòóäîé ïî —. •èõòåðó. ˜êàëà ýíåðãèè äàíà â ëîãàðèôìè÷åñêîì ìàñøòàáå (ïî „æ. ƒèðó è •. ˜àõó, 1988)


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