Exercise 6. Match the columns. Find the right translation of the sentences. Give back translation from Ukrainian to English.

1. Standardization is the process of developing and agreeing upon technical standards.   2. Some standards are mandatory while others are voluntary.   3. Standardization in this sense is often discussed along with such large-scale social changes as modernization, bureaucratization, homogenization, and centralization of society.   4. Formal standards organizations, such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or the American National Standards Institute, are independent of the manufacturers of the goods for which they publish standards.   5. De facto standards mean they are followed by informal convention or dominant usage.

1. Деякі стандарти є обов’язковими, тоді як інші є необов’язковими.   2. Офіційні організації зі стандартів, такі як Міжнародна організація із стандартизації (ISO) або Американський національний інститут стандартів є незалежними від виробників товарів, для яких вони видають стандарти.   3. Стандартизація – це процес розробки і узгодження технічних стандартів.   4. Неофіційні стандарти означають те, що їх дотримуються завдяки неофіційній угоді або домінуючому вжитку.   5. Стандартизація в цьому значенні часто розглядається разом з такими великомасштабними змінами як модернізація, бюрократизація, гомогенізація і централізація суспільства.

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences. Use word-combinations given below. Translate the sentences.

1) A standard is a document that establishes……, criteria, methods, processes, or practices.

2) In……, standardization often means the process of establishing standards of various kinds and improving efficiency to handle people, etc.

3) In general, each country or economy has a single recognized……. .

4) …… are part of legally binding contracts, laws or regulations.

5) In statistics, ... refers to conversion to standard scores.

6) These standardization processes create compatibility, similarity,…… .

- De jure standards; the context of social criticism and social sciences; standardization; uniform engineering or technical specifications; National Standards Body (NSB); measurement and symbol standards.

Exercise 8. Answer the following questions:

1) What is a standard?

2) What does standardization mean in the context of social criticism and social sciences? Give examples.

3) What does standardization mean in the context of business information exchanges?

4) Do you know the titles of the centres and organizations that deal with standardization?

5) How can we divide standards?

6) Are there any other uses of the standards?

7) What are 4 levels of the standardization?

III. Speaking.

Exercise 9. Characterize the standardization:

a) in the context of social criticism;

b) in the context of business information exchanges.

Exercise 10. Describe 3 types of standards.

Exercise 11. Make up a plan to the text. Retell the text using your plan.

Exercise 12. Express your opinion of standardization in modern society. Why is it necessary today?

Use the following expressions:“The theme of my report deals with…”; “It should be noted…”;“ It is important to say..”; “Generally speaking…”; “I’d just like to say…”; “What’s more…”, “I think (believe)…”, etc.

Exercise 13. Situations. Think of some points which you can discuss with your group-mate:

1) Speak on the standardization in the context of social criticism, explain your opinion to your group-mate, stress the importance of the standardization in this sense;

2) Imagine that you are a representative of the American National Standards Institute. Tell your interlocutor about other standard organizations; explain their work, duties, role.

IV. Reading and comprehension.

Exercise 14. Read the text B. Translate it without a dictionary.

Open standard

An open standard is a standard that is publicly available and has various rights to use associated with it, and may also have various properties of how it was designed (e.g. open process).

The terms "open" and "standard" have a wide range of meanings associated with their usage. The term "open" is usually restricted to royalty-free technologies while the term "standard" is sometimes restricted to technologies approved by formalized committees that are open to participation by all interested parties and operate on a consensus basis.

The definitions of the term "open standard" used by academics, the European Union and some of its member governments or parliaments such as Denmark, France, and Spain preclude open standards requiring fees for use, as do the New Zealand and the Venezuelan governments. On the standard organization side, the World Wide Web (W3C) ensures that its specifications can be implemented on a Royalty-Free (RF) basis.

Many definitions of the term "standard" permit patent holders to impose "reasonable and non-discriminatory" royalty fees and other licensing terms on users of the standard. For example, the rules for standards published by the major internationally recognized standards bodies such as the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), ISO (International Organization for Standardization), IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) , and ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union) permit their standards to contain specifications whose implementation will require payment of patent licensing fees. Among these organizations, only the IETF and ITU-T explicitly refer to their standards as "open standards", while the others refer only to producing "standards". The IETF and ITU-T use definitions of "open standard" that allow "reasonable and non-discriminatory" patent licensing fee requirements, but in practice most are royalty free.

The term "open standard" is sometimes coupled with "open source" with the idea that a standard is not truly open if it does not have a complete free/open source reference implementation available. Open standards which specify formats are sometimes referred to as open formats.

Many specifications that are sometimes referred to as standards are proprietary and only available under restrictive contract terms (if they can be obtained at all) from the organization that owns the copyright on the specification. As such these specifications are not considered to be fully Open.