Partially assimilated loan words

Types of meaning

Traditional approach

ü lexical (denotative, connotative)

ü grammatical

ü lexico-grammatical

Seven types of meaning according to G. Leech

1. Conceptual meaning or sense – logical, cognitive, or denotative content.

2. Connotative meaning – what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to.

3. Stylistic meaning – what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.

4. Affective meaning – what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.

5. Reflected meaning – what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.

6. Collocative meaning – what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.

7. Thematic meaning – what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.

Types of meaning of a polysemantic word according V.V. Vinogradov

ü Nominativebar (barrier)

ü nominative-derivativebar (barrister)

ü colligationally conditionedKeep smiling!

ü collocationally conditionedI’d love to meet them.

ü phraseologically boundto pin one’s hopes on smth

Types of connotations

· the connotation of degree or intensity

· the connotation of duration

· emotive connotation

· the evaluative connotation

· the causative connotation

· the connotation of manner

· the connotation of attendant circumstances

· the connotation of attendant features

· stylistic connotation

Types of semantic change of meaning

· generalization (widening)

· specialization (narrowing)

· metaphor

· metonymy

· hyperbole

· litotes (understatement)

· irony

· amelioration (elevation)

· pejoration (degradation)

• euphemism

Classification of homonyms

Western approach

· homonyms proper (bank-bank)

· homophones (night – knight)

· homographs (row [rou] – row [rau])

according to A.I. Smirnitsky

Full homonyms partial homonyms

· simple lexico-grammatical

· complex lexico-grammatical

· partial lexical

full homonyms (bank-bank)

partial homonyms

ü simple lexico-grammatical (found-founded-founded, find-found-found)

ü complex lexico-grammatical (rose(noun)-rose(verb from rise-rose-risen)

ü partial lexical (lie-lay-lain, lie-lied-lied)

SYNONYMS

· Absolute (total) noun – substantive

· Ideographic like – love – adore – worship

· Stylisticmeal – snack – bite

Antonyms

Structural classification

· Root or absolutelove – hate

· Derivationalmarried – unmarried

Semantic classification

· Contraryhot – warm – cold

· Contradictorydead – alive

Loan wordS or borrowings

1. completely assimilated loan words(cheese, street, wall, wine)

partially assimilated loan words

v not assimilated semantically(sari, sombrero,rickshaw)

v not assimilated grammatically(phenomenon-phenomena, formula-formulae, index-indices)

v not assimilated phonetically (machine, cartoon, police)

v not assimilated graphically (ballet, buffet, café, cliché)

3. unassimilated loan words or barbarisms (addio, ciao,ad libitum)

Word-building

Classification of suffixes	Classification of prefixes v semantics (meaning) v productivity v origin v frequency
Functional
Derivational v part of speech v productivity v origin v frequency

Composition (structural aspect)