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Science

Science[from Latinscientiafromscireto know] is systemized knowledgederived through experimentation, observation, and study. In its widest sense it is formulated knowledge, a knowledge of structure, laws, and operations. The unity of human knowledge may be artificially divided into religion, philoso-phy, and science. Sometimes it is considered as a method of reaming about the world by applying the principles of the scientific method, which includes mak-ing empirical observations, proposing hypotheses to explain those observa-tions, and testing those hypotheses in valid and reliable ways; also refers to the organized body of knowledge that results from scientific study.

Science and philosophy, as presently understood, have in common the quality of being speculative, as opposed to religion, which in the West is sup-posed to be founded merely on faith and moral sentiments. The present dis-tinction between science and philosophy lies largely in their respective fields of speculation. What is known as modern science investigates the phenomena of physical nature and by inferential reasoning formulates general laws there from. Its method is called inductive and its data are so-called facts -- i.e., sen-sory observations; whereas deductive philosophy starts from axioms. Yet a scientist, in order to reason from his data at all, must necessarily use both in-duction and deduction.

Fundamental science is the part of science that describes the most basic ob-jects, forces, relations between them and laws governing them, such that all other phenomena may be in principle derived from them, following the logic of scientific reductionism. Fundamental science includes biology, chemistry, earth science and geology, physics, resource sciences, space and astronomy, biotechnology, engineering, computer and information technology.

The humanities are a group of academic subjects united by a commitment to studying aspects of the human condition and a qualitative approach that generally prevents a single paradigm from coming to define any discipline. Art, Communi-cations, Counseling, Education, English, Foreign Languages (Italian, Spanish, French, German, Russian, Japanese, Chinese, others), Literature, Philosophy, Reli-gious Studies, Speech, Theatre. Subjects such as English, philosophy, language, and literature as distinguished from fundamental sciences.

Scientific theories simplify reality to allow us to understand basic forces and laws of the nature and society. We can observe actions and their conse-quences. Observation and description are not sufficient for understanding and ultimately predicting actions. Theory establishes relationships between cause

and effect. We use it to interpret actions and outcomes so we can explain the process by which the actions were undertaken and the outcomes achieved. The purpose of theory in all scientific analyses is to explain the causes of phenom-ena we observe. To conduct analyses we frequently need to engage in abstrac-tion. This involves making assumptions about the environment that simplify the real world enough to allow us to isolate forces of cause and effect. Any theory is a simplification of actual relationships.