The right-hand column. Combine the sentences so that they make sense
| The colony was named… | a royal colony in 1702 |
| A Walloon explorer known as… | nine years later |
| The Colonies were divided into three areas… | the 18th century |
| Christopher Columbus' discovery of the Americas in the late… | as compensation owed to Penn's late father |
| In 1653, King Charles II issued… | Jamestown in Virginia in 1607 |
| Accordingly, Maryland was founded… | New Jersey to honor Sir George Carteret |
| In 1732… | was treated as a separate colony. |
| It was founded with the motivation of expansion of… | Peter Minuit had bought the island of Manhattan from local tribes |
| However, the purchase was liquidated when New Jersey was made… | a royal charter to eight Virginia colonists to settle the North Carolina region to provide a buffer for the southern frontier |
| Britain, France and Spain had conquered much of the North American landmass by… | 15th century sparked a race to acquire the new-found land among European empires |
| The colony was under Massachusetts jurisdiction, but… | he granted Georgia's proprietorship to an English General James Edward Oglethorpe, to establish a new colony |
| Delaware was founded… | in 1634 |
| The formation of the 13 British Colonies started with the colonization of… | the northern New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies and the Southern Colonies |
| William Penn, a member of the Quakers was granted the land of Pennsylvania by King Charles II… | the British Empire and to spread Christian faith. |
| The English won Delaware from the Dutch… | as a proprietary colony. |
VI. Solve the crossword.
Across:
1. The draft, which was enacted to govern the Connecticut.
2. A separate settlement for Roman Catholics, who were persecuted in Protestant England.
3. Pilgrims, who came aboard the ship Mayflower in order to seek refuge in the New World in 1620.
4. Original name of New Jersey.
5. A draft, which was modeled on the successful Mayflower Compact.
6. The state, which was founded in 1634.
7. The colony of Virginia was founded by the London Company under the reign of…
Down:
1. It was named Virginia in honor of…
2. King Charles II’s brother. New York was renamed in his honor.
3. He discovered America in 15th century.
4. The first permanent British settlement in America.
5. King, who lost New Amsterdam.
VII Speak on the formation of one of the first 13 British Colonies in America.
Seminar N 2
The Mayflower
Native Americans
The Mayflower
The Mayflower was the ship that in 1620 transported 102 English Pilgrims, including a core group of Separatists, to New England. Their story is one of travail and survival in a harsh New World environment.
Thomas Weston chartered her in the summer of 1620 to undertake the Pilgrim voyage. Weston was deeply involved in the Mayflower voyage due to his membership in the investor group Merchant Adventurers, and eventually came to Plymouth Colony himself.
The Mayflower embarked about sixty-five passengers in London about the middle of July 1620 and proceeded down the Thames into the English Channel and then on to Southampton Water, the rendezvous, where for seven days she awaited the coming of the Speedwell, bringing the Leyden church members, who had sailed from Delfshaven about the 22nd of the month.
About August 5, 1620 the two ships set sail for their destination. The unseaworthy Speedwell sprang a leak shortly after they put into Dartmouth for repairs. After the repairs, a new start was made. They were more than two hundred miles beyond Land’s End at the southwestern tip of England when Speedwell sprang another leak. Since it was now early September, they had no choice but to abandon the Speedwell and make a determination on her passengers. This was a dire event, as the ship had wasted vital funds and was considered very important to the future success of their settlement in America. Soon after the Mayflower continued on her voyage to America, Speedwell was sold, refitted, and, according to Bradford, “made many voyages…to the great profit of her owners.” Bradford later assumed that the Speedwell master Mr. Reynolds’s “cunning and deceit” (in causing what may have been ‘man-made’ leaks in the ship) had been motivated by a fear of starving to death in America.
In addition to the 102 passengers, the officers and crew consisted of about 50 persons, bringing the total persons on board the Mayflower to about one hundred and fifty.
In early September, western gales begin to make the North Atlantic a dangerous place for sailing. The Mayflower's provisions, already quite low when departing Southampton, became much less by delays of more than of a month, and the passengers, having been aboard ship for all this time, were quite worn out by then and in no condition for a very taxing lengthy Atlantic journey cooped up in cramped spaces in a small ship. But on September 6, 1620, the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth with what Bradford called “a prosperous wind.”
Aboard the Mayflower there were many stores that supplied the pilgrims with the essentials needed for their journey and future lives. Among these stores, they would have carried tools and weapons, including cannon, shot, and gunpowder; as well as some live animals, including dogs, sheep, goats, and poultry. Horses and cattle would come later. The Mayflower would also carry two boats: a long boat and a “shallop”, a sort of twenty-one foot dinghy. She also carried twelve artillery pieces, as the Pilgrims feared they might need to defend themselves against the Spaniards, Frenchmen, or the Dutch, as well as the Natives.
Some families traveled together and others left family members behind. Two of the passengers were pregnant women: Susanna White, and Mary Allerton. Elizabeth Hopkins gave birth en route; her baby was appropriately named Oceanus. A second baby was born during the winter of 1620-1621, when the company wintered aboard ship in Provincetown Harbor. One child died during the voyage, and there was one stillbirth during the construction of the colony. Many of the passengers were Pilgrims fleeing persistent religious persecution, but some were hired hands, servants, or farmers recruited by London merchants, all originally destined for Virginia.
Four of this group of passengers were small children given into the care of Mayflower pilgrims. The Virginia Company began the transportation of children in 1618. The children were orphans, foundlings or involuntary child labor. At that time, children were routinely rounded up from the streets of London or taken from poor families receiving church relief to be used as laborers in the colonies. Three of the four children died in the first winter in the New World, but the survivor, Richard More, lived to be approximately 81, dying in Salem, probably in 1695 or 1696.
The passengers mostly slept and lived in the low-ceilinged great cabins. These cabins were thin-walled and extremely cramped. The cabin area was 25 feet by 15 at its largest, and on the main deck, which was 75 by 20 at the most. Below decks, any person over five feet tall would be unable to stand up straight. The maximum possible space for each person would have been slightly less than the size of a standard single bed.
The Mayflower passengers were the earliest permanent European settlers in New England. During their time, they were referred to as the "First Comers". They lived in the perilous times of what was called "The Ancient Beginnings" of the New World adventure.
Passengers would pass the time by reading by candlelight or playing cards and games. Meals on board were cooked by the firebox, which was an iron tray with sand in it on which a fire was built. This was risky because it was kept in the waist of the ship. Passengers made their own meals from rations that were issued daily and food was cooked for a group at a time.
Upon arrival late in the year, the harsh climate and scarcity of fresh food caused many deaths. Living in these extremely close and crowded quarters, several passengers experienced scurvy, a disease caused by a lack of the essential nutrient vitamin C. There was no way to store fruits or vegetables without their becoming rotten, so many passengers did not receive enough nutrients in their diets. Passengers with scurvy experienced symptoms such as rotten teeth, which would fall out; bleeding gums, and stinking breath.
Passengers consumed large amounts of alcohol, specifically beer. Beer was thought to be safer than water because the Pilgrims were accustomed to unsafe drinking water. Beer was thought to be part of a healthy, well-balanced diet.
William Mullins took 126 pairs of shoes and 13 pairs of boots. These clothes included: oiled leather and canvas suits, stuff gowns and leather and stuff breeches, shirts, jerkins, doublets, neck cloths, hats and caps, hose, stockings, belts, piece goods, and haberdasheries.
No cattle or beasts of draft or burden were brought on the journey, but there were pigs, goats, and poultry. Some passengers brought family pets such as cats and birds. Peter Browne took his large bitch mastiff and John Goodman brought along his spaniel.
On November 9, 1620, they sighted land, which was present-day Cape Cod. After several days of trying to sail south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia where they had already obtained permission from the Company of Merchant Adventurers to settle, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, well north of the intended area, where they anchored on November, 11.
To establish legal order the settlers wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact after the ship dropped anchor at the tip of Cape Cod on November, 11, in what is now Provincetown Harbor. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day.
On Monday, November 27, an exploring expedition was launched to search for a settlement site under the direction of Christopher Jones. As master of the Mayflower, Jones was not required to assist in the search, but he apparently thought it in his best interest to assist the search expedition. There were thirty-four persons in an open shallop – twenty-four passengers and ten sailors. They were obviously not prepared for the bitter winter weather, the Mayflower passengers not being used to the winter weather much colder than back home. Due to the bad weather encountered on the expedition, they were forced to spend the night ashore ill-clad in below freezing temperatures with wet shoes and stockings that became frozen. “Some of our people that are dead,” Bradford wrote ”took the original of their death here.”
The settlers explored the snow-covered area and discovered an empty native village. The curious settlers dug up some artificially made mounds, some of which stored corn, while others were burial sites. As they moved down the coast to what is now Eastham, they explored the area of Cape Cod for several weeks, looting and stealing native stores as they went.
Also there was found more of their corn and of their beans of various colors; the corn and beans they brought away, purposing to give them full satisfaction when they should meet with any of them as, about some six months afterward they did, to their good content.
During the winter, the passengers remained on board the Mayflower, suffering an outbreak of a contagious disease described as a mixture of scurvy, pneumonia and tuberculosis. When it ended, there were only 53 passengers, just over half, still alive. Likewise, half of the crew died as well. In the spring, they built huts ashore, and on March 21, 1621, the surviving passengers disembarked from the Mayflower.
Due to the fear of Indian attack, in late February 1621, the settlers decided to mount “our great ordnances” on the hill overlooking the settlement. Christopher Jones supervised the transportation of the “great guns” – about six iron cannons that ranged between four and eight feet in length and weighed almost half a ton. This action made what was no more than a ramshackle village almost into a well-defended fortress.
Jones had originally planned to return to England as soon as the Pilgrims found a settlement site. But after his crew members began to be ravaged by the same diseases that were felling the Pilgrims, he realized he had to remain in Plymouth Harbor “till he saw his men began to recover.”
On April 5, 1621 the Mayflower, her empty hold ballasted with stones from the Plymouth Harbor shore, set sail for England. The Mayflower made excellent time on her voyage back to England. She arrived at the home port of Rotherhithe in London on May 6, 1621 – less than half the time it had taken her to sail to America.
Jones died after coming back from a voyage to France on March 5, 1622, at about age 52. It is suggested that his journey to the New World may have taken its toll on him. For the next two years, the Mayflower lay at her berth in Rotherhithe, not far from the grave of Captain Jones at St. Mary’s church there.
The Pilgrim ship Mayflower has a famous place in American history as a symbol of early European colonization of the future United States.
The main record for the voyage of the Mayflower and the disposition of the Plymouth Colony comes from the letters and journal of William Bradford, who was a guiding force and later the governor of the colony.
I Answer the questions:
1) Whom did the Mayflower transport? Where to? When was it?
2) Why did the Mayflower with about sixty-five passengers aboard spend seven days in Southampton Water?
3) How many ships set sail for America? What were they?
4) What happened to Speedwell? Why was it a dire event?
5) How many persons were there on board the Mayflower?
6) Why was there less than necessary provision aboard the ship?
7) What did the stores aboard the Mayflower supply the pilgrims with?
8) What else was there aboard the Mayflower?
9) Who travelled aboard the Mayflower?
10) Were there any children? Who were they?
11) Did all the children survive?
12) What were the living conditions aboard?
13) How were the Mayflower passengers referred to?
14) How did the passengers pass the time?
15) How did they cook meals? Why was it risky?
16) What caused many deaths?
17) What caused different diseases?
18) Why did the passengers consume large amounts of alcohol, specifically beer?
19) What animals did the passengers take aboard?
20) When did the passengers of the Mayflower sight land? Where was it?
21) What was their planned destination? What prevented them from reaching it?
22) Why did the settlers write and sign the Mayflower Compact?
23) Why was an exploring expedition launched?
24) Who was the head of the exploring expedition?
25) What did the settlers discover?
26) Where did the passengers remain during the winter?
27) How many passengers and members of the crew survive?
28) When did the surviving passengers disembark from the Mayflower?
29) How and why did the settlers turn the village into a well-defended fortress?
30) When did the Mayflower set sail for England?
II Complete the following sentences:
1) Thomas Weston …….
2) About August 5, 1620 ……….
3) In addition to the 102 passengers…………
4) Many of the passengers were……….
5) The Mayflower passengers were …………
6) William Mullins………..
7) On November 9, 1620,……….
8) On Monday, November 27,………..
9) The settlers explored…………
10) On April 5, 1621………..
11) Jones died…………
12) The Pilgrim ship Mayflower………..
13) The main record………