Informatics and control systems faculty
In 1929 there appeared a new department in the MHTS - the Instrument Building Faculty. It was one of the largest faculties of the MHTS. The Faculty was headed by professor Drozdov who was its first Dean. Professors Drozdov, Dobrogursky, and others did much for the development of the Faculty.
After the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 the Faculty began developing rapidly and the students body increased greatly. In 1987 the Instrument Building Faculty was divided into two separate faculties: the Informatics and Control Systems Faculty and the Radioelectronics and Laser Engineering Faculty.
The Informatics and Control Systems Faculty has 10 departments. They are:
1. Automatic Information and Control Systems;
2. Orientation, Stabilisation and Navigation Devices and Systems;
3. Information Systems and communications;
4. Designing and production of electronic - computing and telecommunication systems;
5. Automated Systems of Information Processing;
6. Computer Systems and Networks;
7. Software and Information Technology;
8. Information Security.
9. Information Science and Computer Technology;
10. Information Protection.
The departments are headed by prominent scholars.
At present the Faculty has more than two thousand students. The training course at the Faculty lasts five years and nine months. It includes lectures, seminars, practical training in well-equipped laboratories and workshops and practical sessions at various plants and research institutes. The third- and fourth-year students study such specialized subjects as fundamentals of electronics and pulse techniques, theory of automatic regulation and control, fundamentals of computing technique, information theory, applied theory of gyroscopes, theory of technical cybernetics and others. The final year is devoted to a diploma project
Many students of the Faculty are members of Students Research Society. The graduates of the) Informatics and Control Systems Faculty are known as highly qualified specialists.
Answer the following questions:
1. When was the Instrument Building Faculty founded?
2. Who was the first Dean of the Instrument Building Faculty?
3. When did the Faculty begin developing rapidly?
4. When was the Instrument Building Faculty divided into two separate faculties?
5. What are the departments of the Informatics and Control Systems Faculty?
6. How many students study at the Faculty at present?
7. How long does the training course at the Faculty lasts?
8. What does the training course include?
9. What specialized subjects do the third- and fourth-year students study?
10. What is the final year devoted to?
11. Are many students of the Faculty members of Students Research Society?
My Speciality
I am taking my English exam after three years of studies at one of the oldest a biggest polytechnical educational institutions in our country. I am a junior, that is a third-year student, of the Faculty of Informatics and Control Systems, or the IT Faculty.
My faculty is not so old as the University is. The Vocational School was established by the Decree of the Emperor Nicholas II as far back as in 1830, the IT Faculty appeared in 1987, two years before BMSTU was given its current name. We know that a long-term history of the University has provided many examples of founding a number of the world-known schools. A lot of Russian eminent scholars such as Zhukovsky, Lebedev, Tupolev, Shukhov, Korolev and many others contributed into the development of space engineering, biophysics, radio physics, optics, laser technology and so on.
The IT Faculty prepares highly qualified specialists in IT. It is the field of science that meets the requirements of the present day society. The students of the Faculty participate in international research programs, have the opportunity to carry out further training and scientific research abroad. Why did I choose BMSTU three years ago? I chose The Chair of Software for Computers and Automation Systems because it is one of the most interesting chairs of the IT Faculty. The students of Chair 7 carry out a number of scientific projects under the guidance of their tutors. At our Chair we receive education that meets international educational standards. The Chair trains specialists in software development, complex program and information systems, database and expert systems. The postgraduates of the Chair work in many leading research centers all over the world. The most stated reason for me to enter the University was the University's academic reputation and high standard tutelage. What am I planning to focus on after graduating from the University?
Great Britain
"Great Britain" has several different names. Some people say "Britain", or "the United Kingdom", or just "UK". There are four different countries in the United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Altogether more than 56 million people live in Britain, many of them in big industrial cities like London, Liverpool and Manchester. Northern Ireland is situated in the northern part of Ireland. The territory of the United Kingdom is about 244 square kilometers. It takes the 75th place among other countries in the world. The population is over 55 million. About 80% of the population is urban. The capital of the country is London.
Great Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel, the narrower part of which is called the Strait of Dover. The British Isles are surrounded by the shallow waters of the Irish Sea and the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea, the North Channel and the Atlantic Ocean. Britain is comparatively small, but there is hardly a country, in the world where such a variety of scenery can be found. The southern and south-eastern parts of the island lie in varied lowlands. The rivers of the region are short and of no great importance as waterways. The longest of them is the "Father of London", the Thames, which is a little over 200 miles. Britain's principal ports are London, Liverpool, Manchester, Hull, Glasgow. They have splendid harbors, for the coast line is very Indented. Owing to the shape of the country, any point in Great Britain is no more than 70 miles from the sea. The warm currents in the Atlantic Ocean influence the climate of Great Britain. The winters are not severely cold, while summers are rarely hot. The British Isles are well - watered throughout the year. The cloudiness is rather dense, well over half the days of the year are overcast - fogs along the coast frequently hide the sun. The fogs of London, often made severe by mixture with city smoke have a world - wide reputation, but the one not to be envied. Rivers in Great Britain are seldom frozen and generally ice-free. The grass remains green all the year round. Thanks to climatic conditions, Britain in truth looks like one great well-order.
The United Kingdom is a monarchy and the Queen is the head of state. But in practice it is ruled by the elected government with a Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the London, the Conservative and the Liberal parties, The Conservative party is the ruling party nowadays.
The flag of the United Kingdom is often called the Union Flag, or the Union Jack. It consists of several flags. In 1603 Scotland was joined to England and Wales. The Scottish Flag, St.Andrew's Cross (the patron saint of Scotland, blue with a white cross from corner to corner, was joined to the English flag, StGeorge's Cross (the patron saint of England), white with a red upright cross. Later, in 1801, the Irish Flag of St.Patrick's Cross (the patron of Ireland) was added, white with a red cross from corner to corner.
#2
The United Kingdom of G.B. and Northern Irelands is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consists of two large islands, G.B. and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244,000 square kilometers. The British Isles are separated from European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of GB is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.
The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, while the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. There are a lot of rivers in GB, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one. Many rivers have been joint by the channels, so, it is possible to travel to any part of the country by water.
The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles, so it is mild and damp. The weather in GB is very changeable. British joke that they have three variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon and when it rains all day long. The weather is the favorite conversational topic in GB. The best time of the year in GB is spring. The two worst months in Britain are January and February. They are cold, damp and unpleasant. The best place in the world then is at home by the big fire. Summer months are rather cold and there can be a lot of rainy days, so most people who look forward to summer holidays, plan to go abroad for the summer. The most unpleasant aspect of English weather is fog and smog. This is extremely bad in big cities, because fog spreads everywhere and so cars move along slowly and people can't see each other.
Britain has been many centuries in the making. The Romans conquered most part of Britain, but were unable to subdue the independent tribes in the West and in the North. Other invaders were Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Vikings and Normans. For many centuries this country was known simply as England. It had a strong army and navy. It waged numerous colonial wars. In the modern world England was the first country, where capitalism was established.
The population of the country is over 57 million and about 80% of it is urban. The UK is highly developed industrial country. It’s known as one of world’s largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment.
The United Kingdom has always played an important role in the world politics. This state is a constitutional monarchy. This means that it has a monarch (a king or a queen) as its head of state. But the monarchy today has practically no power, it’s just a symbol. Executive power belongs to the Government, which is headed by the Prime Minister. The legislative power is exercised by the British parliament. It consists of two Houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Commons plays the main role in lawmaking. It consists of 650 members of Parliament who are elected for a period of five years. The House of Lords has more than 1,000 members, although only about 250 take an active part in the work of the House. The members of the House of Lords are not elected, they inherit their seats in Parliament.
London
#1
London is one of the largest cities in the world. More than 10mln people live In London and its suburbs. London is a city of striking contrasts. Here one can come across the past and the present, the old and the modern, live side by side in mutual tolerance and respect.
In London, one can see architecture of different centuries and styles. It is inseparably connected with the history of the city. The Romans, the Saxons and the Danes settled here in turn, after them came the Normans, and brought the French civilization. London survived the Plague and the Great Fire, which followed in 1666. During the Fire all wooden houses were smashed to the ground and a New London, London of stone with bigger houses and wider streets was built. During the World War II, many buildings of great historic value lay in ruins and today the face of London is changed.
Traditionally London is divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End.
The city first started in the place, which is known as the City. It is the Heart of London, ifs commercial and business centre. It occupies a territory of a square mile. During a day, it is full of people, nearly half a million people work there.
The West End is the richest part of the city with its beautiful avenues, parks and gardens, grand hotels, theatres and fashionable shops. It is a symbol of wealth and luxury.
While the City is the money of London and the West End is the good of London, the East End is the hands of London, that built the banks of the City and beautiful mansions and hotels of the West End. It is a district, inhabited by the workers. There are many factories and the Port of London there.
If there had been no Thames, there would be no London. It was born many centuries ago in the place, which is known as the City. The City is not only the centre of business. It's the birth place of London. London was born in the place not far from St. Paul's cathedral hundreds of years before our era. It was called Lynn-din (the lonely port) at that time. After the Norman Conquest, it became Londinium.
If you want to get some glimpses of London, you'd better start sightseeing with the Tower of London, that comes first among the historic buildings of the city. It was built as the fortress after the Norman invasion of England in 1066. It has been used as the Royal Palace, as an observatory, an arsenal and a prison. For many visitors the principal attraction is the Crown Jewels, the finest precious stones of the nation.
A twenty minutes' walk from the Tower will take you to another historic building - St. Paul's Cathedral, the greatest of English churches. It was built by a famous English architect Sir Christopher Wren. St. Paul's Cathedral, with its famous Whispering Gallery, is considered to be a masterpiece of Renaissance architecture. In one of its towers hangs one of the largest bells in the world - Great Paul.
Not far from the Cathedral is Westminster Abbey. It was founded by Edward the Confessor in 1050. The best part of the Abbey is a wonderful chapel, dating back to the 16 century. It is famous for its magnificent architecture. There are many monuments and statues there. Many English kings and queens are buried there. Since William the 1st almost ever monarch has been crowned in this great church. One of the greatest treasures of the Abbey is oaken Coronation Chair made in 1300. On the south side of Westminster Abbey is Poet's Corner, where the greatest English writers are buried. Here also are memorials to Shakespeare, Burns, Byron, Scott and so on. Across the road from Westminster Abbey is Westminster Palace, which is spread magnificently on the north bank of the Thames. It is a remarkable example of Gothic architecture.
#2 (вроде, из Орловской)
It is known that the area around London was inhabited (населять) by the Celts. Later the Romans founded a military camp there. The camp developed into a port. The area of about square mile where the Romans built their fortifications corresponds approximately to today present City of London. London was the capital of one of the Roman provinces of Britain. After the Romans left Britain, London became less important and suffered greatly from the Danes and Vikings. It was under Henry the First in the 12th century that London finally became the capital of England. In the 16th century London, with its 500,000 inhabitants, was the largest city in England. Under Queen Elizabeth the First in the 17th century England dominated the oceans and became the Empire. It is in the Elizabethan Age that art, culture and literature flowered, especially in London. Over the centuries London became the centre of a constantly growing empire. The empire reached its apex (вершина) under Queen Victoria. Industrialization and the expansion of international trade brought London power, growth and cultural and economic development. In the First and Second World Wars London was ruined considerably.
Some 9 million people now live in London and its suburbs, and the city covers an area of 620 square miles, making it one of the largest of the world's capitals. One reason for its size is that the English people like to live in small houses and have small gardens. As a result, less than 5,000 people live in the City of London, while more than half a million come here to work in the daytime. Today London is the capital of Great Britain and is also the seat of the Royal Family, the Parliament, the major administrative bodies and scientific institutions.
The Houses of Parliament stand on the bank of the Thames at Westminster Abbey. Actually it is one building but it is called «Houses» as it consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It was set up in the 13th century. At one end of the Houses of Parliament there is a tower with a large clock. The largest bell, known as Big Ben, chimes in (отбивать часы) the hour.
Westminster Abbey was a monastery built in the 8th century. It is one of the best examples of the Early English architecture. The kings and queens of England are buried there. Many great statesmen, writers and poets are also buried there.
In the centre of London there is one of the most beautiful squares — Trafalgar Square which was named so to commemorate (в честь) Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar. There is a monument in its centre known as Nelson's Column.
In the vicinity of Trafalgar Square is Whitehall which is now a street of government offices. Not far from Whitehall is Downing Street. Number 10 Downing Street is the residence of the Prime Minister of England. The Cabinet meets there. One must mention the British Museum. It is one of the most extensive and valuable museums in West Europe, It was founded in 1753. It also comprises the National Library. There are other numerous museums and galleries displaying interesting finds from all parts of the world and from all stages in the development of nature, man and art. There are also two large opera houses, the National Theatre and 50 other theatres. Monuments of past greatness are everywhere in London.
The Russian Federation
The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-seventh of the earth's surface. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometers. The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. In the south Russia borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Byelorussia, the Ukraine. It also has a sea-border with the USA.
There's hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery and vegetation can be found. We have steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east.
There are two great plains in Russia: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There are several mountain chains on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia.
There are over two million rivers in Russia. Europe's biggest river, the Volga, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers — the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena — flow from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far East flows into the Pacific Ocean.
Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The world's deepest lake (1,600 meters) is Lake Baikal. It's much smaller than the Baltic Sea, but there's much more water in it than in the Baltic Sea. The water in the lake is so clear that if you look down you can count the stones on the bottom.
Russia has one-sixth of the world's forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the ""country, in Siberia and in the Far East.
On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental.
Russia is very rich in oil, coal, iron ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources.
Russia is a parliamentary republic. The Head of State is the President. The legislative powers are exercised by the Duma.
The capital of Russia is Moscow. It's its largest political, scientific, cultural and industrial centre. It's one of the oldest Russian cities.
At present, the political and economic situation in the country is rather complicated. The industrial production is decreasing. The prices are constantly rising; the rate of inflation is rather high. People are losing their jobs because many factories and plants are going bankrupt.
But in spite of the problems Russia is facing at present, there are a lot of opportunities for this country to become one of the leading countries in the world. I'm sure that we, the younger generation, can do very much to make Russia, as strong and powerful as it used to be.
#2
In area, the Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometres. It occupies most of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Russia stretches from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the East and from the Arctic Ocean in the North to the Black Sea and the Caucasus, the Altai, and the Sayan mountains, arid the Amur and the Ussuri rivers in the South. It is bordered by Norway and Finland in the north-west, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and the Ukraine in the West, Georgia and Azerbaijan in the south-west, and Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China along the southern border. The Russian Federation comprises 86 federal subjects, namely: 48 oblasts (provinces), 21 republics (states) which enjoy a high degree of autonomy on most issues and which correspond to some of Russia's numerous ethnic minorities, seven krais (territories),seven okrugs (autonomous districts),two federal cities (Moscow and St. Petersburg).
The land of Russia varies from thick forests to barren deserts, from high peaked mountains to deep valleys. Russian Federation is locate J on two plains, Great Russian Plain and West Siberian Lowland. The longest mountain chains are the Urals, separating Europe from Asia, the Caucasus, the Altai. Russia's most important rivers are the Volga, Europe's biggest river, flowing into the Caspian Sea, the main Siberian rivers (the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena), and the Amur in the Far East, flowing into the Pacific Ocean. The total number of rivers in Russia is over two million. The world biggest lake - the Caspian sea The world's deepest lake - Lake Baikal, with the depth of 1600 metres, is situated in Russia, too.The climate in Russia varies from arctic in the north to continental in the central part of the country and subtropical in the south.
The current population of Russia is about 150 million people; 82 % of the population are Russians.
Russia is a highly-industrialized-agrarian republic. Its vast mineral resources include oil and natural gas, coal, iron, zinc, lead, nickel, aluminium, gold and other non-ferrous metals. Russia has the world's largest oil and natural gas resources. Three-quarters of the republic's mineral wealth is concentrated in Siberia and the Far East.
More than a decade after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia is now trying to further develop a market economy and achieve much more consistent economic growth. Russia remains heavily dependent on exports of commodities, particularly oil, natural gas, metals, and timber, which account for about 80% of exports, leaving the country vulnerable to swings in world prices. Other problems include disproportional economic development of Russia's own regions. While the huge capital region of Moscow is a bustling, affluent metropolis living on the cutting edge of technology with a per capita income rapidly approaching that of the leading Eurozone economies, much of the country, especially its indigenous and rural communities in Asia, lags significantly behind.
Approximately 10 million people are engaged in agriculture and they produce half of the region's grain, meat, milk and other dairy products. The largest granaries are located in the North Caucasus and the Volga and the Amur regions.
Russia is a constitutional republic, with President as Head of State. He is elected for 4 years and his powers are limited by the Duma. The political system consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The President controls each of them.
The legislative power is exercised by the Federal Assembly. It consists of two chambers: the Council of Federation and the State Duma. Each chamber is headed by the Speaker.A bill may be introduced in any chamber. A bill becomes a law if it is approved by both chambers andsigned by the President. The President may veto the bill. He can make international treaties.The President may also appoint ministers; the Federal Assembly approves them. The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by the people for four years.
The executive power belongs to the Government, or the Cabinet of Ministers. The government is headed by the Prime Minister. The judicial power belongs to the system of courts. It consists of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and other courts.
Russia is a keen sporting country, successful at a number of sports and continuously finishing in the top rankings at the Olympic games.
Among the traditional sports are football (soccer) and ice hockey. The USSR team won the first European Football Championship in 1960 and two Olympic gold medals, and the Russian Premier League attracts many foreign investors and players. The ice hockey team has even more traditions and titles. Russia has also produced a number of famous tennis players.
Moscow
Moscow is the capital of Russia, its political, economic, commercial and cultural centre. Prince Yuri Dolgoruky founded it centuries ago. It was first mentioned in the records dated back the year 1147. At that time it was a small fortress. Gradually the city became more and more powerful.
In the 13th century Moscow was the centre of the struggle of Russian lands for the liberation from the Tartar yoke. The Kremlin and all the buildings within were reduced to ashes.
In the 16th century under Ivan the Terrible Moscow became the capital of the new united state. Though Peter the Great moved the capital to StPeterburg in 1712, Moscow remained the heart of Russia. That is why it became the main target of Napoleon's attack. Three-quarters of the city were destroyed by the fire during Napoleon's occupation; but by the mid-19th century Moscow had been completely restored. After the October revolution Moscow became the capital again.
Now Moscow is one of the largest cities in Europe. Its total area is about nine hundred square kilometres (ancient Moscow occupied the territory of the present-day Kremlin). The population of the city is over 8 million.
Moscow is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. It attracts tourists from all over the world.
The Kremlin is a masterpiece of ancient Russian architecture. It is the oldest part of Moscow. The main Kremlin tower, the Spasskaya Tower, has become the symbol of Russia and Moscow. It has a famous clock; one can hear its chimes on the radio. On the territory of the Kremlin you can see old cathedrals, The Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, the Palace of Congresses, the Tsar-Cannon and the Tsar-Bell, the biggest cannon and bell in the world.
Outside the Kremlin Wall there is the famous Red Square. It is the heart of Moscow. It has more historic associations than any other place in Moscow. Tourists can look at the magnificent St.Basil's Cathedral (Vasily Blazheny), the Lenin Mausoleum and the monument to K.Minin and D.Pozharsky. St. Basil's Cathedral was built in the mid-16th century in memory of the victory over Kazan. There is legend that Ivan the Terrible blinded the architects Banna and /Postnic, because he didn't want them to create another masterpiece.
There are a lot of beautiful places, old mansions, cathedrals, churches and monuments in Moscow. Now Moscow is being reconstructed and we all hope that in a few years the city will become even more beautiful.
There are more than 80 museums in Moscow. The largest museums are the Tretyakove Gallery and the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts. They contain a unique collection of Russian and foreign painters including Impressionists'. Other unique museums in Moscow include the All-Russian Museum of Folk Arts, the Andrey Rublev Museum. Mikhail Glinka Museum of Musical Culture and many others.
Moscow is famous for its theatres. The best known of them is the Bolshoi Theatre. Drama theatre and studios are also very popular.
Moscow is a city of students. There are over 80 higher educational institutions in it, including several universities.
Moscow is the seat of the Russian Parliament (the Duma) and the centre of political life of the country.
#2
Moscow, the capital of Russia, is one of the largest cities in the world. It stands on the bank of the Moskva River. About ten million people live in the city.
The city was founded in 1147 by Yuri Dolgoruky. At the beginning it occupied the territory of the present-day Kremlin. Now the total area of the city is about one thousand square kilometers.
A very good geographical position of Moscow in the heart of Russia enabled it to develop trade with other cities and countries, to attract the craftsmen. Political influence of Moscow was constantly growing. The city became the centre of struggle of Russian lands for the liberation from the Tatar yoke, and against many foreign invasions later. After separate Russian lands were united, Moscow became the capital of the Russian state.
The heart of Moscow is the Kremlin, a wonderful architectural ensemble with three magnificent cathedrals, the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, palaces, fortress walls and 20 towers. The clock that strikes every quarter of an hour is on the Spassky Tower. The Kremlin with golden domes and towers attracts everybody's attention and makes a strong impression on tourists and guests of the capital.
Moscow is a scientific and cultural centre where there are lots of institutes, universities, libraries, museums, technical schools, colleges and secondary schools. The city leads a varied cultural life. It has a lot of cinemas, clubs, concert halls, more than 40 drama and musical theatres, including the Bolshoi Theatre with its famous world ballet and opera, the Art Theatre, The Maly Theatre, the Vakhtangov Theatre and others.
Muscovites are proud of their museums: the Tretyakov Gallery, the Museum of Fine Arts named after A. S. Pushkin, the Kuskovo museum and Ostanki-no serfs Art Museum, Kolomenskoye, literary museums and art galleries.
In the city there are many stadiums and sports facilities, among them the ones built for the Twenty Second Olympic Games in 1980, when Moscow was the host of the Games. It also hosted the Goodwill Games in 1986 and many other international sports competitions and tournaments.
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