Rising Nuclear Tones
Vowels
Parameters defining English vowels:
1) Tongue position ряд
- horizontal: переднего front, смешанный central, задний back;
- vertical: высокий high, средний mid, низкий low подъем;
2) Lip position: rounded/unrounded огубленный/неогубленный
3) Length: long/ short
tenseness напряженность: tense/lax напряженный/ненапряженный
[i:] - [i]
front собственно передний, high narrow узкая разновидность, unrounded, long, tense
front retracted передний отодвинутый назад, high broad высокий широкая разновидность, unrounded, short, lax
Intonation
Connected speech is characterized by intonation. The basic unit of which is an utterance. Intonation performs a number of functions:
1) Delimiting. Intonation delimits utterances and parts of utterances in the speech flow. Sometimes the meaning of the utterance is revealed only through the placements of the intonation boundaries. (разделительная) To delimit utterances into intonation groups.
2) Grammatical.
3) Accentual. Intonation signals the central points of information, | marking more or less important elements with the help of utterance stress.
4) Communicative. Intonations indicates the commutative parts of the utterance. Statements, questions, exclamations, imperatives.
5) Attitudinal (modal emotional). Intonation conveys the speaker's attitude to the subject, to the listener and to the speech situation.
Rise - информация еще не сочтена полностью, продолжение следует. To show incompleteness, that the intonation is going to fallow.
Falling - обозначаем большой семантический вес, when the utterance is semantically complete, to show completeness (when the intonation is not going to fallow) to give greater semantic wage to the intonation group, to show greater semantic prominence.
Fall Raise - show empathies, warning, thankfulness; show contrast.
Author phrase is pronounces as a tail for the first intonation group. Or as a part of falling rising
[a:] - back, low broad, unrounded, long, tense
[ʌ] - back advanced, low narrow, unrounded, short, lax
Components of intonation
Составляющие элементы, то из чего интонация состоит
· Pitch components (высотный компонент) "speech melody".
· Utterance stress.
· Pauses.
· Loudness.
· Temp.
· Timber.
· Rhythm.
THE PITCH COMPONENTS (SPEECH MELODY)
He is good at English.
The pitch component is defined as variations in the heights of the voice in the speech.
The pitch component is described in terms: pitch levels and pitch changes (высотные изменения, направление).
A pitch level is a certain height within the speaker’s voice range (диапазон).
High: very, fairly
Mid: high, low
Low: fairly, very
`′Have we
He `′may
̩All ̗right
̍Anything ̗else you ˙want me to ˙do?
The pitch change (направление) is the pitch movement in these or that direction.
Functions: attitude (polite, warm, pleasant/ cool, reserved).
Semantic provenance.
Pitch change.
Increased force, loudness, удлиняются гласные, the heights of the voice (кинетический тон)
In the speech flow some elements stand out phonetically and functionally. There are pronounced with some tone.
The tone is the cooperation of such prosodic means (средств) as: a pitch change, the increased force of articulation, loudness and increased duration.
Classify the tone into two classes: kinetic and static.
Static tone:
- according to the heights within the speaker’s voice range static tones may be high, mid and low with further graduation within each type.
Kinetic tones are classified into:
1) direction of the pitch change;
2) width (interval) of the pitch change;
3) relative position of the pitch change within the spears voice range.
Static tones give prominence to words. The higher the pitch the grater the prominence.
Kinetic tones:
1) give prominence to words and the kinetic have 3 more functions;
2) express the speaker’s attitude;
3) communicative. Indicates the communicative type;
4) accentual. Singe out the center of information.
Nucleus (`).
Tune (интонационная модель, тональный контур) - the tune is the pitch pattern of the intonation group.
Structure: Prehead, head, nucleus, tail
[ɔ:] – fully low-narrow, long, tense, rounded
[ɔ]- back, low-broad, short, lax, slightly rounded
Utterance stress is a prosodic phenomenon with the function of indicating the relative importance of various elements in the utterance.
Word carrying utterance stresses are at the same time carries of a tone
The distribution of utterance-stress in English is determined by 2 factors:
- Semantic
- Rhythmic.
| Stress | ||
| Nuclear | non-nuclear | |
| The only obligatory stress in the intonation group. The features of nuclear stress: - generally associated with the final pitch-change in the intonation group; - if the intonation group is not contextually marked it falls on the last semantic word. | Full ( ̍m) | Partial |
| Occur in the head of the intonation group. | High ( ˙m) | Low ( ̩m) |
| - occur in the head; - in the tail (after rising and low-rising). | - prehead; - tail (after falling, rising-falling). |
[u:] – back, high-narrow, rounded
[u] – back-advanced, high-broad, slightly rounded
Then ac'cused¦ 'Dobson¦ of 'telling¦`liesǁ
Simple tune - простая интонационная модель (простой тональный контур).
Combined - сложный тональный контур.
In the utterance the stressed syllables are insuperably connected with the non-stressed syllables. The utterance is split into groups of syllables unified by a stress syllable. These groups called stressed or rhythmic groups.
Within a rhythmic group unstressed syllables joint the stress one are either proclitic or enclitics. Proclitic are faster the enclitics.
Rhythmic groups are pronounced at approximate equal time intervals The group having the largest number of syllables is pronounced at the highest speed.
[e] – front, mid-narrow, unrounded
[æ] – low-broad, front
The English Rhythm - the peculates of the English Rhythm are:
1. A certain period density of stressed syllables which are centers of rhythmic groups (rhythmic groups are pronounced at approximately equal time intervals);
2. The alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables.
Rising Nuclear Tones
| high | very |
| ||||
| fairly | ||||||
| mid | high | |||||
| low | ||||||
| low | fairly | |||||
| very |