Timber reduces carbon cost
We live in an age where the impact of extracting, refining, processing and manufacturing building materials like concrete and steel is incredibly high, accounting for more than 10% of global annual greenhouse gas emissions. So when it comes to volume house-building, you just can't get a greener building material than timber frame. It's organic, non-toxic and naturally renewable. It's carbon neutral, even allowing for transport.
It's also worth pointing out that the UK timber frame industry plays no part in the deforestation that is such a terrible and dramatic threat to our planet. 99% of all UK timber frame homes are built using softwood from sustainably managed forests in Europe. And harvesting timber in this way is extremely beneficial for the planet because growing trees absorb so much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.The more wood we use, the more our forests grow because in Europe, we are committed to planting more trees than we harvest.
Benefits of using timber frame construction:
• The carbon dioxide emissions from a single timber frame, three bed detached home are 16.5% less than its brick and block equivalent.
• For every cubic metre of wood 0.8 tonnes of carbon are saved from the atmosphere. For a typical 100 m² two storey detached timber frame house, this translates into a carbon saving of four tonnes of CO2 – about the amount produced by driving 14,000 miles.
• House-builders using a standard 140 mm stud timber frame system achieve U-values (коэффициент теплоусвоения) between 0.30 and 0.27 using readily available and standard insulation, and using higher performance insulation and insulating breather membranes can boost these figures even more.
| LISTENING |
14 Audio “Woodworking Information - Different Types of Wood”.
Listen to the information twice and fill in the table:
| Type of Wood | Name | Description/Application |
| Softwood | 1. | |
| 2. | ||
| 3. | ||
| Hardwood | 1. | |
| 2. | ||
| 3. | ||
| 4. | ||
| 5. | ||
| 6. | ||
| 7. | ||
| 8. | ||
| 9. | ||
| Wood for carving and painting | ||
| Exotic Wood | 1. | |
| 2. | ||
| 3. | ||
| 4. | ||
| 5. |
| VIDEO |
| WRITING |
| STRATEGY POINT Some summary writing questions ask you to identify ideas that are shared by both texts. This can occur in the form of “echoed ideas”, where the two writers say the same thing in different ways. You may also come across questions that ask you to locate where one writer responds to a statement found in the other passage. |
16 a) Read the following texts on interior timber decoration and answer the questions that follow:
| Your staircase is an integral piece of your home. It is usually the first thing you see when you open the front door. With timber staircases and timber handrails you can create a stunning, high-impact feature without the hassle. A lot of people love the warm, classic feel of staircases. The choice that natural timber gives you is wide and varied. Sapele has a dark red colour, very like mahogany but not harmful to environment, and when polished, looks stunning. Oak stair parts will give you a classic, opulent timber staircase. Pine is a flexible choice as it can be stained, polished or painted, and is cheaper than hardwood timber options. However, don't feel restricted to just choosing one. Mix and match different timbers to create a beautiful yet cost effective staircases. To achieve the feel of a classic staircase you do not need to use all timber stairparts. For your staircase balustrade you could choose decorative wrought iron or glass panels. Timber handrails will finish off an all-timber staircase to create a warm, traditional feel. Alternatively, timber handrails can also be used in stark contrast to very contemporary materials to stunning effect. To really achieve a luxury staircase you should look at continuous curved handrail. Bespoke, complex timber handrails are manufactured for each individual environment to ensure a smooth handrail. Continuous timber handrail cannot be beaten when creating a distinctive staircase. | When you are building your home or commercial property there is nothing that compares to the luster and beauty of the timber floor. In fact a home nicely decorated with wooden floor gives a different kind of elegance to the entire place. In fact the flooring plays an important part in the interior decoration. Timber floor is good looking, durable and easy to clean. It is always better to go for the wood flooring because of its beauty and is also at the same Choosing the type of hard wood that best suits the space is an important step in planning the installation of your new home. Solid wood flooring comes in three types. There are several things to keep in mind when choosing the appropriate type of wood flooring for your home. Solid wood flooring may require a little more upkeep than engineered wood flooring, but they can always be re-sanded and refinished. If you like thin, long planks of wood, you should choose strip flooring. If you prefer the aesthetic of very wide planks of wood, then plank flooring is the best choice. And, if you have a more decorative look in mind - perhaps a geometric design - parquet floors will be a perfect match for your taste. It is important to keep the flooring user friendly so that you feel comfortable whenever you walk or move hurriedly. One of the biggest drawbacks of timber flooring is the surface deterioration of the floor due to improperly sealed joints. |
1. The first text talks about “a stunning, high-impact feature”. Where is this echoed in the second text?
2. What term does the second text use to refer to “not harmful to environment” that we read in the first text?
b) In a paragraph of 120-150 words, summarize in your own words as far as possible, how interior timber decoration make homes warm and luxurious according to the two texts. Use the expressions from Appendix 2.
17 You are a manager of a woodworking enterprise. Your company has been placed a large timber order with. Write a letter of confirmation. Look at the example of the letter of confirmation and use expressions from Appendix 3.
18 Translate into English using your active vocabulary:
1. Производство изделий из дерева и обработку древесины можно подразделить на следующие виды работ: лесозаготовку, мебельную промышленность и производство древесной массы, целлюлозы, бумаги и картона, а также изделий из бумаги и картона.
2. Процесс заготовки древесины начинается с отбора участка для лесоповала; затем производится лесопиление и распиловка поваленных деревьев на брёвна.
3. На лесопильных предприятиях производится начальная стадия переработки брёвен в пиломатериалы, которая выполняется с помощью циркулярных или ленточных станков.
4. Однако кроме пиления применяются и другие способы обработки бревён, в числе которых можно назвать фрезерование, лущение, строгание, точение, сверление и шлифование.
5. Дерево – это экологически чистый, натуральный материал, который не выделяет вредных токсичных веществ при нагревании.
И
| SPEAKING |
19 Study the table, find and present information about each point:
| TIMBER DETERIORATION | |||
| WEATHERING | FUNGAL ATTACK | INSECT ATTACK | FIRE |
20 Read the text. Make up a dialogue based on the text and learn it by heart. Use the expressions from Appendix 1. Underlined expressions are necessary to use and be ready for a quiz:
WOOD VS. BRICK HOUSE
Choosing the right material for building or renovating a house is the cornerstone of comfort, quality and design. Both brick and wood are beautiful and practical choices for homes. They also come in a variety of colors, finishes, treatments and styles. They are natural looking, durable and insulate well.
Location.Brick and wood are suitable for both city and country residences. Brick works well in cold climates. It retains natural heat and stays warm a long time. Brick protects well against storms and is a reliable option where storms are a threat. Wood is more convenient and appropriate in remote settings, in vales (where erosion and silt accumulation can damage brick walls) and where wood is widely available. Wood is relatively light compared to brick and more flexible.
Purpose. Many varieties of brick are guaranteed to last for one or two lifetimes. However, brick is marginally more expensive than wood. Wood is biodegradable, affordable, healthy and safe. Wood homes are easier to renovate, alter and build than brick. Thick, rot-treated logs can last up to one hundred years or more. Hardwoods and older trees are strong and durable.
Advantages.Brick has several advantages in addition to weatherproofing, heat and property value. It is fireproof, termite resistant and energy efficient. Brick is incredibly stable. It requires no maintenance. Wood also insulates well and is safe. Its flexibility, variety and natural properties make it easy to work with. Some woods are thought to release terpenes, a substance that soothes the mind and body ("forest bath effect"). Wood is also a natural air conditioner and absorbs humidity.
Disadvantages.Poorly made bricks such as clinkers and older recycled bricks might be pitted, irregularly shaped, worn or prone to chipping. In damp or humid climates, porous brick invites mold. It suffers damage as water and ice expand and contract in its pores. Wood is vulnerable to natural disasters such as fire, infestations of termites and decomposition through rot. Wood is susceptible to cracking when soaked.
21 Study the vocabulary given below and present your project of a wood house.
| 1- base 2 - underlaying beam 3 - "black" floor 4 - ground floor beams 5 - floor warming 6 - floor boards 7 - terrace and balcony floor board 8 - outer stairs 9 - internal stairs 10 - outer platband | 11 - outer barrier 12 - outer door 13 - internal door 14 - window 15 - window simple 16 - column 17 - rafters 18 - ceiling of floors 19 - roofing lathing 20 - roofing material |
22 Revise material of the Unit 5 and present a full characteristic of a timber.
23 Topics for projects and presentations:
1. Timber-frame construction.
2. Timber products.
3. Timber recycling.
4. Wood preservation (timber treatment).
5. Illegal logging.
“Any aesthetic quality is usually enhanced by the presence of a counterpoint.”
Matthew Frederick (architect)
Unit 6
| BUILDING STONE |
 |  |  |
| a)granite | b)stone cladding | c) the great Zimbabwe kingdom, the 11th century |
| LEAD-IN |
1 Match the terms with definitions:
| 1. rock | a) hard solid non-metallic mineral matter of which rock is made, especially as a building material |
| 2. stone | b) a building component, such as a block or lintel, made from cast concrete with a facing that resembles natural stone |
| 3. marble | c) a very hard, granular, crystalline, igneous rock consisting mainly of quartz, mica, and feldspar and often used as a building stone |
| 4. granite | d) any natural material, hard or soft (e.g. clay), having a distinctive mineral composition |
| 5. cast stone | e) a hard crystalline metamorphic form of limestone, typically white with coloured mottlings or streaks, which may be polished and is used in sculpture and architecture |
2 Read the advertisements and in two minutes be ready to speculate on stone applications. What are other areas of stone applications?
A) Все знают, что натуральный камень очень часто используют для наружной отделки, ведь более подходящего материала для этого дела не придумаешь: природные камни, обладающие высокими коэффициентами прочности, могут прослужить вам не одну сотню лет.
b) Искусственный камень - широкие возможности для дизайнера. Он экологичен, доступен, легок, прост в монтаже, производится в близком от места строительства регионе и имеет широкую цветовую гамму, а его формы и фактуры идеально имитируют природные.
c) В современном строительстве все чаще для утепления используются базальтовые утеплители. Базальтовая вата, которая лежит в основе популярных утеплителей, отличается высокими изоляционными показателями, которые определяются изначально низкой теплопроводностью самих волокон и присутствующей в структуре влаги. Кроме того, утеплитель базальтовый не поддерживает горение и не выделяет токсичные вещества при нагревании, посему может использоваться для защиты промышленных трубопроводов.
3 Discuss the following:
| “Leave no stone unturned.” (Euripides) |
| A rolling stone gathers no moss. (Proverb) |
• Write a paraphrase.• Say whether you agree or not, and why.
| READING |
4 a) Transcribe the following words:
igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary, plutonic, granite, pumice, dolerite, bedding planes, calcium carbonate, silica, iron dioxide, dolomite, calcareous, siliceous, ferruginous, quartzite, ochre.