B) Find English equivalents to the expressions in bold given in the texts

C) In a paragraph of 120-150 words, and using the expressions from Appendix 2 and your own words as far as possible, summarize and render in English what is said about natural quartzite.

17 Translate into Russian without a dictionary:

1. Натуральным камнем называют все горные породы, используемые в строительстве, такие как мрамор, гранит, туф, сланец, песчаник, ракушечник и оникс.

2. Природный камень износостоек, морозоустойчив и почти не впитывает влагу.

3. Мраморные камины и лестницы сегодня являются отличным решением для того чтобы устроить красоту и роскошь в своем доме.

4. Элементы из малинового кварцита использовались при отделке только самых красивых и значительных зданий Российской империи – таких, как Зимний Дворец, Исаакиевский и Казанский Соборы, Михайловский Замок, Московский Кремль.

5. Базальт используют как сырье для щебня, производства базальтового волокна (для производства теплозвукоизоляционных материалов), каменного литья и кислотоупорного порошка, а также в качестве наполнителя для бетона.

SPEAKING

18 Read two passages and analyze the problem raised. To study the problem more thoroughly find additional information on the causes of deterioration of stone:

1. The Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) has long maintained a program of research into the deterioration and treatment of stone materials. Early investigations assessed the biodeterioration susceptibility of stone consolidants, evaluated the deterioration of monumental stones in situ, and examined the use of epoxy resins for stone consolidation.

The prevention of deterioration of stone materials used in works of art and in construction is of widespread interest. While many studies have considered the physical and chemical mechanisms that contribute to such deterioration, prior to the GCI's work, little research focused on the problem of microorganisms exacerbating the deterioration of stone. In collaboration with the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Bloomfield College, the GCI initiated a large-scale project to assess the biodeterioration susceptibility of stone consolidants. Sixteen polymers and resins important in preserving art materials, particularly stone, were evaluated for their ability to support fungal growth. (From “Stone Deterioration and Treatment», Getty Conservation Institute)

2. Natural stones in buildings, like all rocks outcropping on the surface of the Earth, are subject, with the passing of time, to more or less intense transformations which may even only be evidenced by macroscopic analysis. Of all available materials, mankind has made extensive use of stone. It is often considered to be "eternal" but in reality is even subjected to far-reaching transformations of its characteristics.

These alteration/deterioration phenomena are the result of interaction between stone material and the atmosphere: water plays a decisive role, as well as atmospheric gases and the various particulate components.

For the lithotypes used in historical and contemporary buildings, it is easy to note, for example, variations in colour or full-scale stains, a lack of cohesion between the various components of the rock, detachment of portions of material, formation of saline substances, appearance of fractures and the growth of various vegetal organisms.

(From:www.zusieditore.com)

19 a) Read the text and express its main idea in 3-4 sentences:

Stone cladding is a thin layer of stone applied to a building or other structure made of a material other than stone. Stone cladding is sometimes applied to concrete and steel buildings as part of their original architectural design.

Stone cladding often refers to lightweight simulated stone products with a concrete type base. These stone cladding products are often fitted to light weight substrates to reduce the material cost of construction.

A lightweight substrate would typically be a timber stud frame, it would then have a waterproof barrier attached, then fibre cement sheet, expanded metal mesh, a mortar scratch coat, and then using a mortar mix, the stone cladding would be adhered to the wall.

Pouring concrete into stone cladding molds allows you to create panels that look like real stone masonry. You can buy these molds from a number of suppliers, or you can make your own, using a pourable mold-making compound. Making your own cladding molds can be cost-effective, because you need to cast several panels even to cover a small wall, and each panel takes three days to fully cure. So the more molds you have, the faster you can produce the panels you need.

b) Read the instruction how to make a stone cladding. But the phases are messed up. Arrange them into correct order:

Things You’ll Need:

· Masonry stones

· Board, 6 inches wide by 12 feet long

· Plywood sheet, 2 feet by 4 feet

· Nails

· Hammer

· Spray polyurethane sealant

· Pourable 2-part urethane mold-making compound

· Mixing bucket and stick

a) Allow the urethane to cure for 48 hours.

b) Pour the mold compound over the stones in the box. The compound should cover the stones to a depth of at least one inch. If you have not mixed enough, immediately mix more; you have about 30 minutes to add additional compound before it begins to set.

c) Arrange the stones in the bottom of the box, facing up, the way you would want to see them in the cast duplicates. Place them about as far apart as you intend to install them on the wall. Leave a one-inch margin between the outside edge of the group of stones and the wall of the pour box. Seal the stones with the spray sealer.

d) Build a pour box. Cut the board into two, four-foot lengths and two, two-foot lengths. Nail them together to form a two- by 4-foot frame that is six inches deep. Nail the plywood over one side of this frame. Seal the inside of the box with polyurethane spray sealer.

e) Wait an additional five to seven days before using the mold to make casts; this will allow the urethane to reach its full strength.

f)Mix equal amounts of both parts of the urethane molding compound in a clean bucket. Mix enough to cover the stones in the box to a depth of at least one inch. Stir thoroughly until the mixture color becomes.

g)Invert the pour box and shake slightly to allow the urethane mold and the stones to drop out of the box. Remove the stones and wash any residue from the mold.

c) Talk about stone cladding.

20 Read the text. Make up a dialogue based on the text using the expressions from Appendix 1: