B) Explain the expressions in bold from the text and make up sentences of your own. Use English-English dictionaries to help you

7 Give the English equivalents to the following and use 5 of them in small situations:

нижнее перекрытие; верхнее перекрытие; бетонная плита; висячая деревянная конструкция; железобетонная плита; несущая стена; хорошо вентилируемый; обработанный пропиткой, за один раз; расположенный рядом блок для бетонирования; в шахматном порядке; сплошной фундамент; несущая стена из ячеистого бетона; кирпич-сырец (пустотелый кирпич); гидроизоляционная прослойка; облицовочная стеновая панель (мауэрлат); балка пола; доска пола.

8 Which questions could you ask to get these answers?

1. Upper floors are either reinforced concrete slabs or suspended timber structures that are supported on load-bearing walls.

2. Since concrete shrinks as it dries you should lay it in areas that are no larger than 3 metres by 3 metres or 10 square metres.

3. Raft foundations also need steel reinforcement.

4. Wall plates are timber pieces about 75×100 mm that are used as bases for fixing floor joists.

5. Softwood boards should be at least 25 mm thick and less than 100 mm wide.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

9 Use the words below to complete the sentences:

THE HARDCORE BED

The purpose of the hardcore bed is to:

1) provide a 1) _____ bed that will keep the concrete slab warm and dry;

2) resist the growth of vegetation;

3) provide a level base for the oversite concrete.

The hardcore bed consists of material that resists 2) _____, such as broken brick, stone or rock.

The pieces should be large enough to ensure plenty of space so that 3) _____ isn’t trapped within the hardcore, the layers should be put down about 150-200 mm thick and flattened by hand with a tool called a 4) _____ to consolidate them. Also the machine called a plate vibrator can be used for large areas of hardcore.

The blinding

The finished hardcore has a rough, 5) _____ surface that should be smooth before laying the damp-proof membrane. It is done by laying about 50 mm of sand, ashes or weak, dry concrete slurry called blinding over the surface of the hardcore. The surface should be carefully leveled and there are no sharp 6) _____.

The damp-proof membrane

The membrane’s purpose is to prevent 7) _____ entering the building through the concrete slab. It is usually a heavy-duty polythene sheet that is tough enough to be handled on a building site without 8) _____ or puncturing. The material should stay intact even when workers walk over it while they fix 9) _____ in the floors and lay concrete. The dpm should be laid so that the edges 10) _____ the joints.

rammer, dampness, overlap, projections, moisture, open-textured, tearing, reinforcement, crushing, free-draining

10 Put the steps of making a simple raft foundation slab into the correct order:

THE RAFT FOUNDATION SLAB

Ground-floor slabs that are also raft foundation may have steel mesh reinforcement in the slab and the edge beams. The following steps show how to make a simple raft foundation slab.

1. Support the reinforcement 25 mm above the dpm by fixing cement spacers underneath the bars so that the concrete can flow all around them.

2. Build vertical formwork on struts along the outside position of the edge beams to contain the concrete.

3. Pour the concrete so that it fills all the spaces on the slab.

4. Spread hardcore and blinding in the measured area.

5. Divide the area into 3 metre by 3 metre bays (Fig. 11.4)

6. Lay the reinforcement, the mesh for the slab and the bars in the edge beams in position.

7. Lay the dpm over the blinding.

8. Fix boards over the reinforcement to prevent the concrete leaking out.

Figure 11.4 Laying the Oversite Concrete into Bays

11 Fill in the gaps in the following passage with a suitable preposition given below:

UPPER FLOOR CONSTRUCTION

Part I

Upper floors should not span more than 5 metres in simple buildings. The two most common types of construction 1) _____ upper floors are timber floors and reinforced concrete floors.

Both types of floor may need additional support for larger spans.

Timber floor construction

A first floor span 2) _____ 5 metres is the limit for simple timber floor construction 3) _____ a small building. Table 11.1 shows the maximum practical limit.

Table 11.1. Structural Limits for Timber Floors

Structural part	Structural limit
Joist	225×75
Span	4.8 metres at joist interval of 400 mm
Load	0.5 – 1.0 kN/m2

The joists may bend 4) _____ the load if the span is 5) _____ 3 and 5 metres. A twisting joist can weaken the floor. The struts can be used to stiffen the entire floor structure. There are two methods of making struts:

· herringbone, which consists 6) _____ two length of 50×50 mm timbers fixed so that they criss-cross the top and bottom edges of the joists and are nailed 7) _____ to make a herringbone pattern;

· solid, which consists of a number of pieces of 38 mm timber of similar depth 8) _____ the joists. They are cut to fit tightly 9) _____ adjacent joists and are skewnailed.

The types of timber floor that are suitable 10) _____ upper floor are the same as for the ground floor.

between (x2) for(x2) in in the middle of (x2) to under

12 Fill in the gaps with derivatives of the words in capitals:

UPPER FLOOR CONSTRUCTION Part II Reinforced concrete first-floor construction Most reinforced concrete 1) _____ floors are cast in situ. Two forms of 2) _____ are possible: 1. a solid concrete slab with main reinforcement that spans the 3) _____ distance with secondary 4) _____that spans the longer distance; 2. a hollow pot floor with beams that span the shorter distance only. The 5) _____ of the concrete and size and distribution of the steel reinforcement bars are complex issues that depend on the distance to be spanned. The general principles of the design of reinforced concrete suspended slabs should be followed (Fig. 11.5): · Concrete is strong when compressed, but weak under tension. It should be reinforced where subjected to 6) _____; · Concrete sags or deflects when it spans between supports. This creates 7) _____ in the top half of a slab and tension in the bottom half; · Steel reinforcement bars will resist tension if they are 8) _____ into the bottom of the slab; · If the slab is laid 9) _____ over an intermediate support, then the deflection is reversed, the tension moves to the top of the slab, which then 10) _____ the steel reinforcement.	SUSPEND CONSTRUCT SHORT REINFORCE THICK TENSE COMPRESS BUILD CONTINUOUS REQUIRE
a) a concrete slab without loading	b) loading concrete deflecting under the load	c) putting steel in the bottom of the slab
d) an unreinforced slab is impossible to use	e) a reinforced slab makes suspended concrete construction possible

Figure 11.5 Principles of Deflection in Concrete

13 Read the text and choose appropriate headings to each step: