B) Explain the words in bold from the text and make up sentences of your own. Use English-English dictionary to help you
7 Give the English equivalents to the following and use 5 of them in small situations:
часть конструкции; естественное основание; искусственное основание; вызывать неустойчивость и подвергать опасности жителей; собственный вес конструкции; рабочая/подвижная нагрузка; ветровая нагрузка; учитывать следующие условия; устойчивость грунта; уровень грунтовых вод; несущие стены; типы фундамента.
8 Which questions could you ask to get these answers?
1. Geotechnical engineering, being important in many branches such as military, mining, petroleum and in our case civil engineering, concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials.
2. The capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground is called bearing capacity.
3. A shallow foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth very near the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation.
4. Piles should be placed on the center line of the walls that need support.
5. Pile foundations are used in the areas where the other kinds of foundations cannot be constructed.
9 Fill in the gaps with derivatives of the words in capitals:
TYPES OF FOUNDATION Part I The concrete strip foundations in Fig. 8.3 are used most frequently. They consist of 1) _____ mass concrete strips poured in the bottom of trenches. These foundations will support load-bearing walls which are centered on the concrete strips to spread the 2) _____ from the walls, roofs and other floor loads evenly. The concrete strip is usually a uniform width and depth.  Figure 8.3 Concrete Strip Foundation The foundation must be wide and deep enough to avoid soil movement that could cause 3) _____. Depending on soil conditions, the maximum depth may be 900 mm. Building regulations may suggest the 4) ____ minimum width for strip foundations. The concrete must be at least as thick as its projection from the base of the wall. This ensures that the pressures of the building loads are distributed in the concrete at an angle of 45°. The deep strip foundation in Fig. 8.4 is a 5) _____ of strip foundations. Deep strip foundations are usually dug out with a mechanical 6) _____, which cuts a narrow trench that is backfilled with concrete up to ground level. These foundations use more concrete, but reduce the cost of masonry walls and may remove the need for timber support for the trenches.
Raft foundations are a good 7) _____ if the soil has a poor bearing capacity or if the building loads are quite small, because the cost of 8) _____ separate foundations is eliminated. The oversite concrete slab that forms the ground floor of the building becomes the raft foundation (Fig. 8.5.). The slab can be thickened at the edges with an edge beam and thickened underneath internal load bearing walls. Mesh 9) _____ increases the strength of the raft foundation and distributes the pressures of the building loads 10) _____. | CONTINUE PRESS STABLE SUIT VARY EXCAVATE SOLVE DIG REINFORCE EVEN |
10 Use the words below to complete the sentences:
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
Part II
Pad foundations are isolated foundations that 1) _____ concrete column or free-standing brick piers. A square concrete pad foundation distributes the load evenly over the ground.
If the pad is constructed of mass concrete, then the 2) _____ must equal the projection from the side of the column (Fig. 8.6).
 |  |
| Figure 8.6 Pad Foundation | Figure 8.7 Stepped Foundation |
Stepped foundations are built on 3) _____ sites (Fig. 8.7). This reduces the expense of constructing a foundation that is the same level around the perimeter of the building. A foundation at the higher end of the slope would be 4) _____ deep.
To overcome this, the foundations should be stepped at 5) _____ levels. The higher-level foundation should 6) _____ over and meet with the lower one for a distance not less than its thickness. This should never be less than 300 mm.
The change in level should not be more than the thickness of the strip foundation. It should be measured in multiples of 75 mm, which is the height of a 7) _____ course.
If soil conditions are poor near the surface, then piled foundations should be used. Trial holes will usually indicate the depth of suitable load-bearing soil. Since this may be as deep as 2 or 3 metres below ground, it would be quite expensive to construct 8) _____ foundations. To overcome this problem two types of piled foundation can be used to strengthen the soil:
a) bored or replacement piles, which are concrete 9) _____ poured into holes in the ground at measured intervals;
b) driven or 10) _____piles, which are tree trunks that are hammered into soft ground at spaced intervals.
| extent, displacement, different, conventional, support, sloping, thickness, cores, brick, extremely |
11 Fill in the gaps in the following passage with a suitable preposition given below:
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
Part III
Short-bored piled foundations are used 1)_____ small houses and lightweight framed buildings constructed 2) _____ soils that expand and contract 3) _____ changes in the moisture content. These soil types include clay and black cotton.
The type of foundation shown in Fig. 8.8can be constructed quite quickly and avoid the need to dig deep trenches. Short-bored piles are more effective and cheaper than conventional foundations if the soil responds easily to the changes 4) _____ the atmosphere.
 |  |
| Figure 8.8 Short-bored Pile Foundation | Figure 8.9 Timber Displacement Piles |
These foundations are not suitable 5) _____ use on rock, flint or sites with many tree roots because the holes must be straight and consistent in diameter.
The holes are dug 6) _____ hands with an auger and then concrete is poured 7) _____ them to form a column in the ground when it hardens. The concrete columns in the holes in the ground are the piles.
The measurements in Table 8.1are typical dimensions for short-bored piles.
Table 8.1 Measurements for Short-bored Piles
| Components | Measurements (mm) |
| Depth of the hole for the piles | 2500-3000 |
| Pile diameter | 250-360 |
| Pile spacing | |
| Beam width for 225 mm wall | |
| Beam depth for 225 mm wall | 150-200 |
| Reinforcement diameter | 15 mm with 6 mm stirrups |
Fig. 8.9represents timber displacement piles for lightweight buildings. For this foundation straight tree trunks should be used and treated with preservative and sharpened 8) _____ the ends to drive them 9) _____ the ground. It is better to use an auger to remove some 10) _____ the pile-driving process is started.
| at before by for(x2) in(x2) into on with |
12 Match the English terms (B) and their definitions (A).
There are two extra terms in column B:
| A | B |
| a) lowest load-bearing part of a building, typically below ground level | 1. load 2. concrete 3. water table 4. ground 5. foundation 6. pile 7. trench 8.pressure 9.measurement 10. clay |
| b)the size, length, or amount of something | |
| c) a weight or source of pressure borne by someone or something | |
| d) the level below the surface of the ground where water can be found | |
| e) a long narrow channel that is cut into the ground, for example in order to lay pipes or get rid of water | |
| f) a stiff, sticky fine-grained earth that can be moulded when wet, and is dried and baked to make bricks, pottery, and ceramics | |
| g)building material made from a mixture of broken stone or gravel, sand, cement, and water, which can be spread or poured into moulds and forms a stone-like mass on hardening | |
| h)a heavy stake or post driven vertically into the bed of a river, soft ground, etc., to support the foundations of a superstructure |
13 a)Fill in the table with the information from the texts about foundations and your additional info:
| Foundation | Material | Measurements | Application | Additional Info |
b) Say whether these statements are true (T) or false (F):
1. The natural foundation is the ground underneath the artificial foundation.
2. Artificial foundations ensure the stability of the building.
3. Load-bearing walls require strip or deep strip foundation.
4. Columns and piers require pad foundations.
5. Light loads or poor soil conditions require raft foundations.
6. Very poor conditions such as clay and sand require piled foundations.
7. The size of a foundation is determined by the pressure of the load and the strength of the soil.
8. Stepped foundations are used on sloping sites to reduce costs.
9. Piles can be: replacement piles at that are concrete-filled holes; displacement piles that are timbers driven into the ground.
| LISTENING |
14 Audio “How to Lay Foundations”.
Listen to the information twice and be ready to answer the questions below (1-7):
1. Is it a hard job to dig a foundation?
2. Why is it necessary to dig a foundation properly?
3. What main instruments and materials are needed for foundation digging?
4. What are the parameters of footings for small walls?
5. How are trenches marked?
6. For what period should concrete be dried?
7. What are the main steps of foundation laying?
| VIDEO |
15 Watch the video and present the main idea of each episode in 4-5 sentences using the expressions from Appendix 2.
| WRITING |
16 Render the text in English using the expressions from Appendix 2: