Paraphrase the underlined parts of the following sentences

UNIT I

HOME AND HOUSEKEEPING

FAMILY BUDGET

CONSUMER SOCIETY,WELFARE AND CHARITY

Text 1

THE THORN BIRDS

(an extract)

Feona Cleary was in the kitchen, peeling potatoes. She was a very handsome, very fair woman a little under medium height, but rather hard-faced and stern; she had an excellent figure with a tiny waist which had not thickened, in spite of the six babies she had carried beneath it. Her dress was grey calico, its skirts brushing the spotless floor, its front protected by an enormous starched apron that looped around her neck and tied in the small of the spine with a crisp, perfect bow. From waking to sleeping she lived in the kitchen and back garden, her stout black boots beating a circular path from stove to laundry to vegetable patch to clothlines and thence to the stove again.

She was a silent woman, not given to spontaneous conversation. What she thought, no one knew, even her husband; she left the disciplining of the children to him, and did whatever he commanded without comment or complaint unless the circumstances were most unusual.

What none of the children save Frank could realize was that Fee was permanently and incurably tired. There was so much to be done, hardly any money to do it, not enough time, and only one pair of hands. She longed for the day when Meggie would be old enough to help; already the child did simple tasks, but at barely four years of age she couldn’t possibly lighten the load. Six children, and only one of them, the youngest one a girl. All her acquaintances were simultaneously sympathetic and envious, but that didn’t get the work done. Her sewing basket had a mountain of socks in it still undarned, her knitting needles held that yet another sock, and there was Hughie growing out of his sweaters and Jack not ready to hand his down…

Feona went back to the back door and shouted, “Tea.”

The boys trailed in gradually, Frank bringing up the rear with an armload of wood, which he dumped in the big box beside the stove. Padraic put Meggie down and went to the head of the dining table at the far end of the kitchen, while the boys seated themselves around its sides and Meggie scrambled up on top of the wooden box her father put in the chair nearest to him.

Fee served the food directly onto dinner plates at her work-table, more quickly and efficiently than a waiter, she carried them two at a time to her family, Paddy, first, then Frank, and so on down to Meggie, with herself last.

“Erckle! Stew!” said Stuart, pulling faces as he picked up his knife and fork. “Why did you have to call me after stew?”

“Eat it,” his father growled.

The plates were big ones, and they were literally heaped with food: boiled potatoes, lamb stew and beans cut that day from the garden, ladled in huge portions. In spite of the muted groans and sounds of disgust everyone, including Stu polished his plate clean with bread, and ate several slices more spread thickly with butter and native gooseberry jam. Fee sat down and bolted her meal, then got up at once to hurry to her work-table again, where into big soup plates she doled out great quantities of biscuit made with plenty of sugar and laced all through with jam. A river of steaming hot custard was poured over each, and again she plodded to the dining table with the plates, two at a time. Finally she sat down with a sigh; this she could eat at her leisure.

“Well, Meggie girl, it’s your birthday, so Mum made your favourite pudding,” her father said smiling.

There was no complaint this time; no matter what the pudding was, it was consumed with gusto. The Clearys all had a sweet tooth.

No one carried a pound of superfluous flesh, in spite of the vast quantities of starchy food. They expended every ounce they ate in work or play. Vegetables and fruit were eaten because they were good for you, but it was bread, potatoes, meat and hot floury puddings which staved off exhaustion.

After Fee had poured everyone a cup of tea from her giant pot they stayed talking, drinking or reading for an hour or more, Paddy puffing on his pipe with his head in a library book, Fee continuously refilling the cups. Bob immersed in another library book, while the younger children made plans for the morrow. School had dispersed for the long summer vacation; the boys were on the loose and eager to commence their allotted chores around the house and garden. Bob had to touch up the exterior paint-work where it was necessary. Jack and Hughie dealt with the woodheap, outbuildings and milking, Stuart tended the vegetables; play compared to the horrors of school. From time to time Paddy lifted his head from his book to add another job to the list, but Fee said nothing, and Frank sat slumped tiredly, sipping.

Finally Fee beckoned Meggie to sit on a high stool, and did up her hair in its night’s rags before packing her off to bed with Stu and Hughie; Jack and Bob begged to be excused and went outside to feed dogs; Frank took Meggie’s doll to the work-table and began to glue its hair on again. Stretching, Padraic closed his book and put his pipe into the huge shell which served him as an ashtray.

“Well, mother, I’m off to bed.”

“Good night, Paddy.”

Fee cleared the dishes off the dining table and got a big galvanized iron tub down from its hook on the wall. She put it at the opposite end of the working table from Frank, and lifting the massive cast-iron kettle off the stove, filled it with hot water. Cold water from an old kerosene tin served to cool the steaming bath; swishing soap confined in a wire basket through it, she began to wash and rinse the dishes, stacking them against a cup.

Frank worked on the doll without raising his head, but as the pile of plates grew he got up silently to fetch a towel and began to dry them. Moving between the worktable and the dresser he worked with the ease of long familiarity. It was a furtive, fearful game he and his mother played, for the most stringent rule in Paddy’s domain concerned the proper delegation of duties. The house was woman’s work and that was that. No male member of the family was to put his hand to a female task. But each time after Paddy went to bed Frank helped his mother, Fee aiding and abetting him by delaying her dishwashing until they heard the thump of Paddy’s slippers hitting the floor. Once Paddy’s slippers were off he never came back to the kitchen.

Fee looked at Frank gently. “I don’t know what I’d do without you, Frank. But you shouldn’t. You’ll be so tired in the morning.”

“It’s all right, Mum. Drying a few dishes won’t kill me. Little enough to make life easier for you.”

“It’s my job, Frank, I don’t mind.”

“I just wish we’d get rich one of these days, so you could have a maid.”

“This is wishful thinking.” She wiped her soapy red hands on the dishcloth and then pressed them into her sides, sighing. Her eyes as they rested on her son were vaguely worried sensing his bitter discontent, more than the normal railing of a working-man against his lot. “Frank, don’t get grand ideas. They only lead to trouble. We’re working class people, which means we don’t get rich enough to have maids. Be content with what you are and what you have. When you say things like this you’re insulting Paddy, and he doesn’t deserve it. You know it. He doesn’t drink, he doesn’t gamble, and he works awfully hard for us. Not a penny he earns goes into his own pocket. It all comes to us.”

The muscular shoulders hunched impatiently, the dark face became harsh and grim. “But why should wanting more out of life than drudgery be so bad? I don’t see what’s so wrong with wishing you had a maid.”

“It’s wrong because it can’t be. You know there’s no money to keep you at school, and if you can’t stay at school how are you ever going to be anything better than a manual worker? Your accent, your clothes and your hands show that you work for a living. But it’s no disgrace to have calluses on your hands. As Daddy says, when a man’s hands are callused you know he’s honest.”

Frank shrugged and said no more. The dishes were put away; Fee got out her sewing basket and sat down in Paddy’s chair by the fire, while Frank went back to the doll…

“It’s a pity there isn’t enough money to keep the little children at school. They are so clever.”

“Oh, Frank! If wishes were horses, beggars might ride,” his mother said wearily. She passed her hand across her eyes, trembling a little, and stuck her darning needle into a ball of grey wool.

“I can’t do any more. I am too tired to see straight.”

(by Colleen McCullough)

EXERCISES

Vocabulary A

Paraphrase the underlined parts of the following sentences.

1) She was a very handsome, very fair woman a little under medium height, but rather hard-faced and stern.

2) From waking to sleeping she lived in the kitchen and back garden, her stout black bootsbeating a circular path from stove to laundry… and thence to the stove again.

3) …she left the disciplining of the children to him…

4) The Clearys all had a sweet tooth.

5) No one carried a pound of superfluous flesh, in spite of the quantities of starchyfood. … it was bread, potatoes, and hot floury puddings which staved offexhaustion.

6) Bob immersed in another library book ...

7) School had dispersed for the long summer vacation: the boys were on the loose and eager to commence their allotted chores around the house and garden.

8) Jack and Hughie dealt with the woodheap, outbuildings and milking.

9) Her eyes as they rested on her son were vaguely worried sensing hisbitter discontent, more than the normal railing of a working-man against his lot.