Theme 1.2. Vocabulary Usage

THEMATIC BLOCK 1

Theme 1.1. Text Analysis

Read about the author and historical background of the novel and answer the questions below.

For better understanding the context of the fragment you may download the novel.

Richard Gordon is the pen name used by Gordon Ostlere (born Gordon Stanley Ostlere on 15 September 1921), an English surgeon and anaesthetist. As Richard Gordon, Ostlere has written numerous novels, screenplays for film and television and accounts of popular history, mostly dealing with the practice of medicine. He is best known for a long series of comic novels on a medical theme beginning with Doctor in the House, and the subsequent film, television, radio and stage adaptations. His The Alarming History of Medicine was published in 1993, and he followed this with The Alarming History of Sex.

Gordon worked as an anaesthetist at St. Bartholomew's Hospital (where he was a medical student) and later as a ship's surgeon and as assistant editor of the British Medical Journal. He has published several technical books under his own name including Anaesthetics for Medical Students (1949), later published as Ostlere and Bryce-Smith's Anaesthetics for Medical Students in 1989; Anaesthetics and the Patient (1949), and Trichlorethylene Anaesthesia (1953)[1].

In 1952, he left medical practice and took up writing full time. The early Doctor novels, set in the fictitious St. Swithin's, a teaching hospital in London, were witty and apparently autobiographical; later books included more sexual innuendo and farce. The novels were very successful in Britain in Penguin paperback during the 1960s and 1970s. Richard Gordon also contributed articles to Punch magazine and has published books on medicine, gardening, fishing and cricket.

The film adaptation of Doctor in the House (1954) was released two years after the book's publication. He has an uncredited role as an anaesthetist in the film. Doctor at Sea came out the following year, with Brigitte Bardot in the cast. Dirk Bogarde starred as Dr. Simon Sparrow in both. The later spin-off TV series were written by well-known British comedy writers. In 1974 he walked off the set of This is Your Life when Eamonn Andrews appeared with the red book. He later changed his mind and the show was transmitted a week later.

His wife is also a physician, and they have four children. He lives in London.

Doctor in the House is a comic novel by Richard Gordon, published in 1952. Set in the fictitious St. Swithin's Hospital in London, the story concerns the exploits and various pranks of a young medical student. In later adaptations, he may have been called Simon Sparrow, but in the original novel he was called Richard Gordon; "'Gordon?' croaked the old man from the doorway. 'Mr. Richard Gordon?' 'Yes, sir. That is correct, sir,' I replied with great respect." [1] It is the first of a series of 'Doctor' novels written by Gordon, himself a surgeon and anaesthetist.

A film adaptation, Doctor in the House, was released in 1954, starring Dirk Bogarde, and several of the sequel books were also filmed. There were a number of TV series very loosely based on this and following books and also a 13 part radio series in 1968 starring Richard Briers as Sparrow

Questions:

1. Was Gordon Ostlere a practicing physician all his life? What was his area of medicine?

2. How did his penname appear? Where does it originate from?

3. Was Doctor in the House his only novel? How was it adapted?

4. What accounts of popular history have come out of his pen?

5. What areas did G. Ostlere apply his profession in? Did it have any impact on his creative life?

6. Is Doctor in the House autobiographical? How do his later books differ? Explain the meaning of the word innuendo.

7. What facts testify to the success of G. Ostlere’s books? Please pay attention to the titles Punch and Penguin.

8. What other areas of human life interested him as an author?

9. Did the author participate in screening his novel? In what capacity? What is an an uncredited role?

10. What is the success story are the main adaptations of his novels? Explain the terms: spin-off TV series, walk off.

11. What names of the protagonist are known to the public now?

Watch the film screening the novel.

Read the text of the Unit.

From: DOCTOR IN THE HOUSE

By R. Gordon

To a medical student the final examinations are something like death: an unpleasant inevitability to be faced sooner or later, one's state after which is determined by care spent in pre­paring for the event.

An examination is nothing more than an investigation of a man's knowledge, conducted in a way that the authorities have found the most fair and convenient to both sides. But the medi­cal student cannot see it in this light. Examinations touch off his fighting spirit; they are a straight contest between himself and the examiners, conducted on well-established rules for both, and he goes at them like a prize-fighter.

There is rarely any frank cheating in medical examinations, but the candidates spend almost as much time over the techni­cal details of the contest as they do learning general medicine from their textbooks.

Benskin discovered that Malcolm Maxworth was the St. Swithin's representative on the examining Committee and thenceforward we attended all his ward rounds, standing at the front and gazing at him like impressionable music enthusiasts at the solo violinist. Meanwhile, we despondently ticked the days off the calendar, swotted up the spot questions, and ran a final breathless sprint down the well-trodden paths of medicine.

The examination began with the written papers. A single in­vigilator² sat in his gown and hood on a raised platform to keep an eye open for flagrant cheating. He was helped by two or three uniformed porters who stood by the door and looked dispassionately down at the poor victims, like the policemen that flank the dock at the Old Bailey.³

Three hours were allowed for the paper. About half-way through the anonymous examinees began to differentiate them­selves. Some of them strode up for an extra answer book, with an awkward expression of self-consciousness and superiority in their faces. Others rose to their feet, handed in their papers and left. Whether these people were so brilliant they were able to complete the examination in an hour and a half or whether this was the time required for them to set down unhurriedly their entire knowledge of medicine was never apparent from the nonchalant air with which they left the room. The invigilator tapped his bell half an hour before time; the last question was rushed through, then the porters began tearing papers away from gentlemen dissatisfied with the period allowed for them to express themselves and hoping by an incomplete sentence to give the examiners the impression of frustrated brilliance.

Iwalked down the stairs feeling as if I had just finished an eight-round fight. In the square outside the first person I re­cognized was Grimsdyke.

"How did you get on?" I asked.

"So-so," he replied. "However, I am not worried. They nev­er read the papers anyway. Haven't you heard how they mark the tripos⁴ at Cambridge, my dear old boy? The night before the results come out the old don totters back from hall and chucks the lot down the staircase. The ones that stick on the top flight are given firsts,⁵ most of them end up on the landing and get seconds, thirds go to the lower flight, and any reaching the ground floor are failed. This system has been working admirably for years without arousing any comment."

The unpopular oral examination was held a week after the papers. The written answers have a certain remoteness about them, and mistakes and omissions, like those of life, can be made without the threat of immediate punishment. But the viva is judgement day. A false answer, and the god's brow threatens like imminent thunderstorm. If the candidate loses his nerve in front of this terrible displeasure he is finished: confusion breeds confusion and he will come to the end of his interrogation struggling like a cow in a bog.

Iwas shown to a tiny waiting-room furnished with hard chairs, a wooden table, and windows that wouldn't open, like the condemned cell. There were six other candidates waiting, to go in with me, who illustrated the types fairly commonly seen in viva waiting-rooms. There was the Nonchalant, lolling back on the rear legs of his chair with his feet on the table. Next to him, a man of the Frankly Worried class sat on the edge of his chair tearing little bits off his invitation card and jumping irritatingly every time the door opened. There was the Crammer, fondling the pages of his battered textbook in a desperate farewell embrace, and his opposite, the Old Stager, who treated the whole thing with the familiarity of a photographer at a wed­ding. He had obviously failed the examination so often he looked upon the viva simply as another engagement to be fitted into his day.

The other occupant of the room was a woman. Women stu­dents – the attractive ones, not those who are feminine only through inescapable anatomic arrangements – are under dis­advantage in oral examinations. The male examiners are so afraid of being prejudiced favourably by their sex they usually adopt towards them an attitude of undeserved sternness. But this girl had given care to her preparations for the examination. Her suit was neat but not smart; her hair tidy but not striking; she wore enough make-up to look attractive, and she was obvi­ously practising, with some effort, a look of admiring submis­sion to the male sex. I felt sure she would get through.

"You go to table four," the porter told me.

I stood before table four. I didn't recognize the examiners. One was a burly, elderly man like a retired prize-fighter; the other was invisible, as he was occupied in reading the morn­ing's Times.

"Well, how would you treat a case of tetanus?" My heart leaped hopefully. This was something I knew, as there had recently been a case at St. Swithin's. I started off confidentially, reeling out the lines of treatment and feeling much better. The examiner suddenly cut me short.

"All right, all right," he said impatiently, "you seem to know that. A girl of twenty comes to you complaining of gain­ing weight, what would you do?" I rallied my thoughts and stumbled through the answer...

The days after the viva were black ones. It was like having a severe accident. For the first few hours I was numbed, unable to realize what had hit me. Then I began to wonder if I would ever make a recovery and win through. One or two of my friends heartened me by describing equally depressing experi­ences that had overtaken them previously and still allowed them to pass. I began to hope. Little shreds of success collected together and weaved themselves into a triumphal garland...

"One doesn't fail exams," said Grimsdyke firmly. "One comes down, one muffs, one is ploughed, plucked, or pipped. These infer a misfortune that is not one's own fault. To speak of failing is bad taste. It's the same idea as talking about pass­ing away and going above instead of plain dying." The exami­nation results were to be published at noon.

We arrived in the examination building to find the same candidates there, but they were a subdued, muttering crowd, like the supporters of a home team who had just been beaten in a cup tie.

We had heard exactly what would happen. At midday pre­cisely the Secretary of the Committee would descend the stairs and take his place, flanked by two uniformed porters. Under his arm would be a thick, leather-covered book containing the results. One of the porters would carry a list of candidates' numbers and call them out, one after the other. The candidate would step up closely to the Secretary, who would say simply "Pass" or "Failed". Successful men would go upstairs to re­ceive the congratulations and handshakes of the examiners and failures would slink miserably out of the exit to seek the opiate oblivion.

One minute to twelve. The room had suddenly come to a frightening, unexpected silence and stillness, like an unexploded bomb. A clock tingled twelve in the distance. My palms were as wet as sponges. Someone coughed, and I expected the windows to rattle. With slow scraping feet that could be heard before they appeared the Secretary and the porters came solemnly down the stairs. The elder porter raised his voice.

"Number one hundred and sixty-one," he began. "Number three hundred and two. Number three hundred and six." Grimsdyke punched me hard in the ribs, "Go on," he hissed. "It's you!"

I jumped and struggled my way to the front of the restless crowd. My pulse shot in my ears. My face was burning hot and I felt my stomach had been suddenly plucked from my body. Suddenly I found myself on top of the Secretary.

“Number three oh six?" the Secretary whispered, without looking up from the book. "R. Gordon?" "Yes," I croaked.

The world stood still. The traffic stopped, the plants ceased growing, men were paralysed, the clouds hung in the air, the winds dropped, the tides disappeared, the sun halted in the sky.

"Pass," he muttered.

Blindly, like a man just hit by a blackjack, I stumbled up­stairs.

Commentary

¹ St Bartholomew's, St. Swithin's Hospitals: medical schools in London.

² invigilator: a person who watches over students during examinations.

³ Old Bailey: Central Criminal Court, situated in London in the street of the same name.

⁴ the tripos: examination for an honours degree in Cam­bridge University.

⁵ firsts, seconds, thirds: a system of grading degrees.

⁶ the viva: an oral examination.

Theme 1.2. Vocabulary Usage

SPEECH PATTERNS

1. An examination is nothing more than an investigation of a man’s knowledge.

She is nothing more than unsophisticated child of nature.

Erudition is nothing more than a possession of recondite, profound, or sometimes merely bookish knowledge.

2. However, I'm not worried. They never read the papers any­way.

You needn't worry about the meals. She never has anything for breakfast anyway.

I'm sure she is perfect for you. Anyway, I didn't mean to im­ply she was deficient.

3. "His father will have him go in for medicine," the house­master said.

None can have him wear a formal dress for any function.

The examiner will have him give the proper answer.

4. Now that you are well again, you can travel.

Now that you are through with this problem you can do anything.

Now that he's become a graduate student, he can go in for research.

PHRASES AND WORD COMBINATIONS

to cheat in exams
to tick the day off
to swot up, to cram, to cram smth up
to keep an eye open for smth
to mark the papers
to grade the papers
to come out (about results)
to get through
to stumble through
to struggle one’s way through (to some place)
to win through
to cut smb short
to rally one’s thoughts
to call out, to roll / call names
to raise / lower one’s voice to smb

SPEECH PATTERNS. Practice

1. Make the following sentences complete using the patterns.

1. ... everything is ready, there is no going back. 2. Do you want me to make a quick run to the market? – I’d surely appreciate it. Since we’re low on milk, I have to do it myself … . 3. Her failure at the examination was … . 4. … Jane see the doctor before things get worse. 5. I'll write you a check. We're still trying to get my dad's affairs sorted out. ... we do appreciate your help. 6. I’ll ... the lawyer get to the bottom of the case. 7. I’m done for the moment and ready to join you. I’ve rinsed my plate and my spoon and run a damp sponge across the kitchen counter, I didn’t intend to do any more cleaning … . 8. It’s … a miracle that a plate of steaming soup appeared before him when he thought of it. 9. ... you’ve done it on your own initiative, you must take the consequences. 10. It’s ... a mistake to let her do the cooking. She’s made such a mess of it. 11. ... you mention it, I do remember. 12. She’ll ... Mrs Baker stay at the house while you are away. 13. His escape from the prison was … . 14. They’ll ... Hurstwood tell the story of his life. 15. It’s ... a grave error to let him direct the play. It’s sure to become a flор. 16. You can just leave. I’m about to tell Bucky to forget it … .

2. Paraphrase the following sentences using the patterns.

1. If a man shows signs of nervous tension or being under stress you must make him consult a doctor. 2. Can I lend you a hand? — No, thanks. I'm almost done. I never hoped to find anything here so far. 3. If you want to help a worried person under stress you, must be patient and encourage him to talk. 4. I'm surehe was trying to be helpful. Nevertheless, there's probably no harm done. 5. His behavior in those trying circumstances does him honor. You must make him write about it. 6. You explained that "trying to keep up with the Joneses" means to have as much as one's neighbors (the Joneses) and, if possible, even more. 7. The teacher must make his children develop a critical way of thinking. 8. You have promised to take the children for a drive, so you must keep your word. 9. The professor drew their attention to the difference between the two theories. It is now clear to the students. 10. Rawson went right on: "This or that way, in the late eighties I started writing to this woman I met through a pen pal ad." 11. It’s a disgrace for the British sport to have so much violence on and off the football field. 12. The time came when everybody asked him to stay but he said he was going to leave.

3. Translate the following sentences into English.

A. 1. Добре. Я приймаю вашу відмову. У будь-якому разі я тішуся, що ми познайомилися. Сподіваюся, іншим разом ви будете більш згідливі. 2. Я й не сподівалася застати Джонні вдома в такий час. 3. Не намагайся змушувати її працювати на вас. Так чи інакше вона зробить, що ви бажаєте.

B. 1. Нарешті Джесс умовив (змусив) Рея дати йому роботу. 2. Поки я хазяїн будинку, я змушу всіх коритися мені – чуєте? 3. Не моя провина, що ти не розумієш мене, але я змушу тебе прислухатися до здорового глузду. 4. У середу місіс Хіґінс приймала гостей, і Хіґінс змусив її запросити Елізу.

C. 1. Тепер, коли всі іспити позаду, можна із упевненістю сказати, що з вас вийде справжній адвокат. 2. Якщо Том переконав усіх, що Сімон був невинний, необхідно знайти справжнього злочинця. 3. Тепер, коли Памела анітрошки не хвилювалася про те, що можуть сказати про неї люди, про неї перестали розпускати чутки.

D. 1. Її батьки були проти того, щоб вона кидала навчання, але вона все одно це зробила. 2. Ваш успіх – це не більше ніж випадковість, беручи до уваги той факт, що ви майже не готувалися до цієї події. 3. Вона така кумедна, змушує Річарда весь час сміятися. 4. Я зроблю так, що ти рано чи пізно будеш знати відповіді на всі надані питання. 5. Тепер, коли ви написали письмову роботу, за тиждень на вас чекає усний іспит. 6. Він гадає, що іспит – це дрібниця. У будь-якому випадку, не студент провалює іспит, це викладач його завалює.

PHRASES AND WORD COMBINATIONS. Parctice

4. Complete the following sentences with your own ideas:

1. If you are smart enough to cheat in this exam ... . 2. Tick the names off ... . 3. I hate swotting up before exams … . 4. Keep an eye open for ... . 5. Young teachers ... mark and grade the papers. 6. The results of the written test will come out ... . 7. ... adopted such an attitude towards people. 8. ... get through. 9. He's just the sort of person ... cut you short. 10. ... rallied her thoughts. 11. The chairperson called out the names of the students who ... . 12. Never raise your voice … . 13. You have to struggle through the crowd to be able ... .

5. Paraphrase the following italicised word combinations:

1. As soon as I started arguing with him he interrupted me and it brought our conversation to nothing.

2. Since we have planned all the procedure, I think we can start implementing the project.

3. How could you forget it? There is a checking list at the end where you can mark every document you have done.

4. No matter how hard she tried she could not concentrate her mind.

5. The exam is coming and you have not sat at questions yet. If you don’t want to study them at least look them through.

6. Why has he failed? The only reason could be using cribs.

7. Nothing in the world can encourage her to change her career and set aside ambitions.

8. Since he was often accused of preferences he soon developed aggressiveness with peers and subordinates.

9. You’d better beware lest they interfere into the matter.

10. The don read the list of our students and we could relax for a while.

11. We have found out that the theory was correct but there was no use to imply it since it will be done in much better-equipped Davidson’s laboratory sooner or later.

12. No one will tell you whether you have failed or not until the marks are announced.

13. What a torture to write an exam, and what a bore to check examination papers!

6. Translate the following sentences into English, using the phrases and word combinations:

1. Усі вмовляли його скористатися шпаргалкою під час іспиту, але він твердо стояв на своєму в бажанні скласти іспит самостійно. 2. Ділова Діана переглядала список гостей, запрошених на прощальний обід і відзначала галочкою тих, кого вважала непотрібним запрошувати. 3. Майк, ти що, багато займався перед іспитами? Ніколи не повірю, що ти здатний на це. 4. Стежте, будь ласка, за цим парубком, він цілком здатний скористатися шпаргалками під час іспиту. 5. Звичайно потрібен тиждень, щоб перевірити екзаменаційні роботи в коледжі. 6. Результати співбесіди будуть відомі через три дні. 7. Дороті зосередилася (зібралася з думками), прийняла суворий вигляд і відкрила засідання ради директорів. 8. Йому вдалося проскочити на іспиті, хоча часу на зубріння медичних термінів йому не вистачило. 9. Честер почав було пояснювати ситуацію, але Рей різко обірвав його. 10. Керівник групи називав імена учасників, і вони відходили убік. 11. Він ніколи не підвищував голос на своїх підлеглих, але вони були готові виконати будь-яке його прохання. 11. Коли йому надали слово, він не зміг зібратися з думками і розпочав свою промову невпевнено, поступово почуваючись краще та підвищуючи голос. Коли, нарешті, він упорався зі своєю розгубленістю, заступник редактора раптово перервав його. 12. Я не розумію, невже було так необхідно користуватися шпаргалками , коли ти зубрив відповіді цілий місяць та міг і сам скласти іспит? Ти ж добре знаєш, що екзаменатори пильно стежать за студентами. 13. Після заручин Марта позначала кожен день у календарі, очікуючи із нетерпінням весілля. 14. Протягом двох тижнів скрипаль Ричард намагався вивчити своє соло. Коли, нарешті, він виконав його на концерті, за бурхливими оплесками публіки чоловік зрозумів, що дуже добре впорався з партією. 15. Всі екзаменаційні роботи із загальної медицини вже перевірено, залишилося виставити оцінки та провести усний екзамен. 16. Рейчел тихим голосом звернулася до доньки, нібито відкривала їй таємницю. 17. У списку позначено галочкою прізвища тих студентів, які впоралися з завданнями.

SPEECH PAPPERNS, PHRASES AND WORD COMBINATIONS. Practice

7. Fill the gaps using active phrases and patterns.

1. The things are packed, the tickets are checked and ______________________ we’ve done everything, let’s sit and think what we have forgotten. I still believe we have.

2. It was rather a sophisticated task to find appropriate volunteers for the mission. They turned to be self-confident thinking that one _______________________ and people step out of the line, ready to obey.

3. Her premeditated sternness with children combined with sweet air was_____________________________ an evidence of limited, womanishly cunning, dishonest mind.

4. During the meeting press was intrigued by the fact that half-way through his speech the leader of the movement was suddenly _________________________ by his executive widely known by his liberalism towards the authority.

5. Even if you are a novice here and don’t trust anybody yet, why should you ____________________________ your peers? What if they do not deserve it?

6. We did need you help badly, however, as usual no one could find you then. – What’s the problem? I am at your disposal now. – No, thanks, much too late. – Don’t try to push on me.____________________________ I know that you might as well do without me the way it used to happen.

7. The city was utterly strange to him. What a risk to look for a place having got a warning to turn there on the dot. He (past tense) __________________________ the directions given by the chief, but are they of any help if you can hardly read their strange language?

8. No matter how hard she tried to ____________________________, she could not remember the place where they left that sign on the tree so many years ago.

9. Believe it or not, but she is a woman of incredible will. Neighbours remember how she (past tense) ____________________________his estate in favour of her daughters though her husband had his own heirs.

10. Do you still hope to ___________________________ after all you have done or to be more exact haven’t done for the science and career?

11. You’d better _____________________________ children’s misbehaving there. Though they invited us as a family you know how they love noise and chaos in their estate.

12. Whatever people say, maybe it is her Gemini sign, or up-bringing, she easily separates with friends and relatives. It looks as if she ________________________ her list of desirable communicators.

13. Anyone caught _____________________________ will be immediately disqualified from the exam.

14. He took them through the schedule slowly, _____________________________ each item _____________________________ on his fingers.

15. He’s one of those bosses that _____________________________ everything you do.

16. I can _____________________________ a lot more work when I’m on my own.

17. I had _____________________________ in order to make myself heard over the noise in the classroom.

18. I’m _____________________________ my geometry theorems.

19. Most people are fairly confident that the workers will _____________________________ (succeed after great effort) in the end.

20. She’s _____________________________ for her history exam.

21. Someone in the crowd _____________________________ his name but he couldn’t see who.

22. The students’ work is _____________________________ (judged and separated into groups according to quality) by three examiners.

23. _____________________________ each item on the list as you complete it.

24. _____________________________ means to watch with special attention.

8. Translate.

1. Тепер, коли вона може зібратися з думками, стає зрозуміло, що сама вона не впорається з роботою: перевірити величезну пачку екзаменаційних робіт.

2. Занадто рано говорити про що-небудь певно доти, поки не оголошені результати. Пройшла вона тести чи ні, не важливо. Ніхто не змусить її відмовитися від амбіцій.

3. Нехай він підвищує голос і загрожує скільки завгодно, у будь-якому разі, він нічого не зможе вам зробити, особливо тепер, коли ви перейшли в інший відділ.

4. Не заважало б простежити, щоб документи не зникли, перш ніж їх опублікують газети. Але ж не варто розвивати у собі підозріле ставлення до усіх оточуючих.

5. Як тільки він заговорив про це, його обірвали й змусили перемкнутися на більш нейтральні теми.

6. Якщо хтось намагається списати на іспиті, професор негайно викреслює його ім'я зі списку здобувачів, і ніхто не може змусити його прийняти в нього іспит знову.

7. Вам не слід було приходити на іспит так рано, усе рівно в зал нікого не пускають, поки не зроблять поіменну перевірку.

Theme 1.3

Read how to write a summary or read it off-line below. Use the tips to create a 200-word summary of the text from Unit 1.

How to Write a Summary

Summaries are a brief rendering of a story or piece of writing. You will need to include only the main idea and supporting facts. You can include some other things, but do not re-write the story.

Part 1 of 3: Reviewing

Skim the piece. Don't take any notes this time -- just take in the bare minimum to wrap your mind around the basic plot of the book or article. You'll be able to concentrate on the smaller things later.

^· Think of the focus while you're reading. Get down the most basic of questions: Who? What? When? Where? Why? How? This bare bones thinking can help you to effectively and quickly write a pertinent summary.^[1]

Read the piece thoroughly. In order to write an accurate summary, you must understand what you're reading.

· Take notes and highlight as you read. Take note of the subheadings, even if there aren't any. Dividing it into sections in your mind will help you organise your summary.

Outline the article. This serves as the skeleton of your summary. Write down the support points of each section, but do not go into minor detail.

· It'll benefit you to write it in your own words now; that will save you time later.

Part 2 of 3: Writing

Start with a clear identification of the work. This automatically lets your readers know your intentions and that you're covering the work of another author.

· Start with the summary title -- the type of work (Summary), the title of the piece (indicating if this is a whole piece or a fragment) and the author of the piece. Clearly identify (in the present tense) the gist of the piece (thesis) you are featuring in your summary: Example: In the featured article the author justifies his opinion on the hot topic of learning styles -- and adds a few himself.

Summarize the piece as a whole. Follow the outline you’ve made to mention all important facts in the sequence they were presented in the original. Strive for overall coherence through appropriate transitions between the ideas (use connectives meanwhile, on the one hand, moreover, at the same time, etc.). Write using "summarising language." Your reader needs to be reminded that this is not your own work. Use phrases like the article claims, the author (the character) suggests, etc. Explain who is who in the summary having in mind that the reader may not know the featured piece.

· Present the material in a neutral fashion. Your opinions, ideas, and interpretations should be left in your brain -- don't put them into your summary. Be conscious of choosing your words. As a rule, quotations are not to be included in the summary.

· Be concise. This is a summary -- it should be much shorter than the original piece.

Conclude with a final statement. This is not a statement of your own point of view, but rendering the ending of the featured piece.

Part 3 of 3: Revising

Check for accuracy. A summary is slightly different than any other creative work -- you must maintain a voice that's current with the author's 100% of the time. Revisit the article as you go over your work -- are you jumping to any conclusions? If so, eliminate them. They are not desirable in a summary.

· Does your summary make the same points as the piece itself? Have you omitted anything important? Have you concentrated too much on the finer details? Mind that the proportion in the summary should be current with the featured piece.

Ask someone else to read your work. Another person may see an argument or point in a completely different light than you have, giving you a new feel for the work.

· Not only should they be comparing your work for accuracy, ask them to read it for flow and summation. Don't hesitate to ask for criticism; then weigh those criticisms and make valid changes.

Revise your work. Now that you've monitored your work for accuracy and efficacy of tone and writing, make your small changes. Tweak the wording and transitions to make it as easy to read as possible.

· Don't forget to look for spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors! Your credibility will seriously be questioned if you've glossed over the most basic of mistakes. Mind that contractions are considered to be impolite to the reader. Also consider articles and prepositions.

· Submit your work -- before the deadline.

Theme 1.4

1. Explain what is meant by:

1. Examinations touch off his fighting spirit. 2. A single in­vigilator sat on a raised platform to keep an eye open for fla­grant cheating. 3.... hoping by an incomplete sentence to give the examiners the impression of frustrated brilliance. 4. Confu­sion breeds confusion and he will come to the end of his inter­rogation struggling like a cow in a bog. 5. "It's the same idea as talking about passing away and going above instead of plain dying."

2. Answer the following questions and do the given assignments.

a) 1. Why does Gordon equate the final examinations with death? How does he define an examination? 2. What is the usual way medical students prepare for examinations? 3. Why were the students so particular to humour Malcolm Maxworth? 4. Describe the procedure of the written examination as presented by the author. 5. In Gordon's opinion why are oral examinations so unpopular with the students? 6. Describe the psychological types fairly commonly seen in viva waiting-rooms. 7. Why were the days after the oral examination black ones for the students? 8. What was Grimsdyke's theory about failing exams? 9. In what way are the examination results usu­ally announced? 10. How did Gordon feel when he learned that he had passed the exams?

b) 1. What is the general slant of the story? 2. What imag­ery is employed by the writer in describing the student's anticipating the examinations? 3. By commenting on six cases of simile chosen from the text explain and bring out the effective­ness of this stylistic device in the description of the examina­tions. 4. Explain and discuss the effectiveness of the allusion "judgement day" for conveying the students' fear of the examinations. 5. How does the author describe the difference between the psychological types of students at the examina­tions? What makes the description convincing? 6. Show how the writer conveys a sense of futility and despair in the de­scription of the aftereffect of the examination on the students. Bring out the effectiveness of the sustained metaphor in creat­ing the sense of futility Richard had after the examinations. 7. In what way is the atmosphere of growing suspense created? Show its function in conveying the sense of anticipation and excitement which is generated towards the end of the extract. 8. What contrast in mood and atmosphere do you detect be­tween the whole text and the last paragraph? 9. By referring to four examples from the text, comment on the writer's sense of humour. 10. What impressions of Gordon's character do you derive from this passage?

Theme 1.5

Read vocabulary notes using hyperlinks with Oxford Online Dictionary.

1. annoy vt/i 1) to make angry, especially by repeat­ed acts; to disturb and nervously upset a person ображати, обурювати, e. g. I was annoyed by his insensitive remarks.

to be annoyed at/over smth, e. g. He was annoyed at the boy's stupidity.

to be annoyed with smb, e. g. The old woman was annoyed with the noisy children.

annoying a causing one to feel annoyed, as annoying man­ners, e. g. How annoying...! The annoying thing about it is that I keep thinking about Lizzy.

Syn. vex, irk, bother

vex v to anger or annoy, especially with trivial matters, e.g. His silly chatter would vex a saint.

irk v, esp. in constructions with it – be tiresome to smb, e.g. It irks me to see money being wasted.

bother v to cause trouble, e.g. Does my smoking bother you?

2) persistent interrupting, interrupting with or intruding on until the victim is angry, or upset дошкуляти, e. g. Clouds of flies annoyed our horses. The mosquitoes annoyed me so much I could not sleep.

Syn. worry, harass, plague, pester, tease

worry v to be anxious, e. g. Parents worry about you.

harass v to trouble continually, e. g. He always looks harassed (tired and irritated by constant worry)

plague v to annoy smb, esp. by continuous asking them for something, e. g. Children plaguing with questions.

pester v to annoy repeatedly asking smb to do smth, e. g. Beggars pestered us for money.

tease v to deliberately annoy an animal, e. g. Don’t tease the dog, it will hurt you!

Ant. soothe, comfort

soothe v to make someone feel calmer and less anxious, e. g. Soothing a baby by rocking.

comfort v to bring calmness and hope, being sympathetic and kind to smb, e. g. Nothing could comfort Diane after her son died.

Syn. bothersome, irritating, troublesome, harassing, torment­ing, nagging, vexatious

bothersome a slightly annoying, e. g. She brushed his hand away like a bothersome fly.

irritating a brining annoyance, e. g. She has an irritating habit of interrupting everything you say.

troublesome a causing problems, e. g. We are all tired of this troublesome child.

harassing a causing incessant problems, e. g. Living without a passport threatened jobless life and harassing police.

nagging a making feel pain and worry all the time, e. g. It was a week before the wedding, and there was still the nagging doubt in the back of her mind.

vexatious a annoying, e. g. He had a vexatious manner of holding your button while he was speaking to you.

2. chatter vi 1) to talk quickly or foolishly or without a stop, e. g. The two gids chattered merrily unaware of Roger's pres­ence. 2) to make quick indistinct sounds, e. g. The sparrows were chattering on the roof of the cottage. 3) to strike the lower and upper teeth together from cold or fever, e. g. She was so frightened that her teeth chattered.

chatterbox n a person who chatters.

chatter n sounds of the kinds described by the verb to chat­ter, e.g. The chatter of the birds could be heard everywhere.

chattering n e. g. The cheerful chattering of children came from the nursery.

to chatter like a magpie

3. cheer vt/i 1) to fill with gladness, hope, high spirits; com­fort, e. g. Everyone was cheered by the good news. He cheered up at once when I promised to help him. Cheer up! Your troubles will soon be over. 2) to give shouts of joy, approval, or en­couragement, e. g. The speaker was loudly cheered. Everybody cheered the news that peace had come.

to cheer for (cheer on) to support (a competitor) with cheers, to encourage, e. g. Let's go to the football game and cheer for our favourite team. Please come to the sports meeting to cheer on our team.

cheer n 1) state of hope, gladness; words of cheer, of en­couragement; 2) shout of joy or encouragement used by spec­tators to encourage or show enthusiasm or support for their team, e. g. The cheers of the spectators filled the stadium.

to give three cheers for to cry, or shout "Hurrah!" three times, e. g. The team members gave three cheers for their captain.

cheerful a 1) happy and contented, e.g. He kept through­out his life his youthful optimism and his cheerful trust in men.

Syn. glad, happy, light-hearted, joyful, joyous

Ant. gloomy

2) bright, pleasant, bringing joy, as a cheerful room, sound, conversation; cheerful surroundings, e. g. Mary's cheerful talk encouraged her friends.

Ant. cheerless, gloomy

cheery a is a rather trivial colloquialism for cheerful.

cheerio interj a colloquial word used as farewell, e. g. Chee­rio, old friends!

cheers 1) is used as a toast "Your health!”, e. g. Does every­body have beer? Yes, cheers.

2) a modern informal use of cheers in British English is to mean good-bye or thank you, e. g. I'll give you a hand tomorrow. Cheers, that'll be great.

4. contest vt 1) to argue; debate, dispute, as to contest a state­ment (a point); to try to show that it is wrong, as to contest smb's right to do smth.; 2) to take part in a struggle or competition (with or against srab or smth.), as to contest a match (a race), e. g. Jim had to contest against the world's best winners in the games and did well to come third. 3) to fight or compete for, to try to win, as to contest a seat in Parliament, e. g. The soldiers contested every inch of the ground.

Syn. contend

contest n struggle, fight; competition, as a keen contest for the prize; a contest of skill; a musical contest; a close contest, e. g. The ice-hockey championship was a close contest be­tween Canada, Sweden and Russia.

contestant n one who contests

Syn. contender

contestable a open to argument, e. g. That's a contestable statement, you can't prove it.

5. emerge vi 1) to come forth into view from an enclosed and obscure place, e. g. The moon emerges from beyond the clouds. 2) to rise into notice and esp. to issue, (come forth) from suffer­ing, subjection, danger, embarrassment, etc., e. g. New artistic developments emerged after the revolution. 3) to come out as the result of investigation, discussion (of a fact, a principle), e. g. At last there emerged Einstein's Theory of Relativity.

Syn. to turn up, to show up

emergency n a sudden happening requiring prompt action; one to be used in an emergency, as an emergency exit (door); an emergency fund; an emergency (forced) landing, e. g. These stairs are to be used only in an emergency. The plane was caught in a snowstorm and had to make an emergency landing.

Syn. juncture, contingency, pinch, crisis

issue n a subject or problem which people are thinking and talking about, e.g. As employers we need to be seen to be addressing (= dealing with) these issues sympathetically.

juncture n important stage in a series of events, e.g. It’s difficult at this juncture to predict the company’s future.

contingency n event that happened by chance, as contingency plans, contingency arrangement

at a pinch (US in a pinch) UKsomething that you can do at a pinch can be done if it is really necessary, but it will be difficult, not perfect, or not what you would really like, e.g. I need £2000 to set up the business, but I suppose £1500 would do at a pinch.

crisis n decisive moment in illness, life, history, etc., as a financial, political, domestic crisis

6. go vt with adv and prp

~ about begin or carry on with (an activity), e. g. I wanted to make a dress but didn't know how to go about it.

~ ahead proceed or be carried out, e.g. the project will go ahead.

~ along (fig.) to continue doing smth, e.g. I’ll explain the rules as we go along.

~ as (so) far as to do smth regarded as extreme, e.g. Surely, they wouldn’t go as far as to break in?

~ at smth or smb to energetically attack or tackle, e. g. They went at each other furiously.

~ back 1) to smth to return, as in conversation (to smth), e. g. Let us go back to what the chairman was saying. 2) on smth to fail to fulfil (a promise, agreement, etc.), e. g. You should never go back on your promise to a child. 3)toto have existed since a time in the past, e.g. Our house goes back to the 18^th century.

~ by 1) to move past in space or time, e.g. You can’t let an opportunity like that go by. 2) to base one's judgement on smb, e. g. You can't go by what he says, he's very untrustworthy. 3) to follow smth, e.g. We have to go by the rules.

~ down 1) to be reduced in price, value amount, to be considered less worthy, e. g. He went down in my estimation. 2) with to be received, esp. with approval, to be liked (by someone), e. g. How did your speech go down (with the pub­lic)?

~ down the drain to be wasted; to fail completely, e. g. All my attempts to help him went down the drain.

~ Dutch to share the cost of something, especially a meal, equally, e.g. Let’s go Dutch!

~ easy (informal) 1) to behave calmly (usu. imper.), e. g. Go easy, dear, there's nothing to get excited about. 2) on, with smb to treat some­one kindly, not severely, e. g. Go easy on the child, will you, she is too young to understand what she did. on, with smth to be sparing in one’s use or consumption of, e.g. go easy on fatty foods.

~ in(to) to examine, e. g. The police went into the man's story to see if he was telling the truth.

~ into smth to start an activity or to start to be in a particular state or condition, e.g. Some of the fans seemed to go into a trance when she appeared on stage.

~ in for smth to do smth regularly or to enjoy smth, e.g. I‘ve never gone in for classical music by I love jazz.

~ off1) to stop working (about the light or a machine), e.g. The light went off in several villages because of the storm. 2) to explode, fire, start ringing, e.g. The gun went off accidentally. 3) to be not good for eating or drinking because it is too old, e.g. This bacon smells a bit funny – don’t you think it‘s gone off?

~ on happen, e.g. This war has been going on for years. doing smth to continue, e.g. We can’t go on living in this small house. do smth to proceed with a new activity, e.g. She admitted the responsibility for the disaster and went on to explain how the compensation will be paid.

~ out for a meal to eat in a café or restaurant; with smb have romantic relationship with smb, e.g. They’d been going out for five years before he moved in with her.

~ over to examine, to see that it is correct, e.g. The coun­sellor went over his story in detail and suggested some im­provements.

~ round 1) to visit smb in their home; 2) to move around, to be publicly noticed (doing smth), e. g. You can't go round saying nasty things like that about him.

~ through to experience a difficult or unpleasant situation, e.g. I’ve going through a bad patch recently.

~ under 1) to sink, e.g. The ship went under just minutes after the last passenger had been rescued. 2) to fail financially, e.g. Businesses have gone under, and there has also been an impact on jobs.

~ up to move higher, rise or increase, e.g. The average cost of a new house has gone up by 5%. A new factory is going up on the old airport.

go (n)

~ -as-you-please (rules) unconstrained by rules or conventions as to how to proceed; free-and-easy.

~ -between an intermediary or negotiator

to give a ~-ahead give a consent to do smth

to give a ~-by avoid or snub someone

~ from the first ~-off from the very beginning

~-slow a form of industrial action in which work or progress is deliberately delayed or slowed down, e.g. The workers committee said that it would also consider other forms of protest, including go-slows.

~-to-meeting (dated) suitable for wearing to church

7. hint n slight or indirect indication or suggestion, e. g. She gave him a hint that she would like him to leave. I know how to take a hint.

to drop a hint, e. g. I dropped him hints on the impropriety of his conduct.

to give a person a gentle (broad) hint, e. g. Martin gave Joe a gentle hint but it was lost upon him.

hint vi to suggest, to mention casually, e. g. The woman hinted at her urgent need of money. He hinted at my impu­dence. He hinted that I ought to work harder.

Syn. suggest, imply, intimate, insinuate

suggest v to produce an idea in the mind, e.g. Dark circles around eyes suggested sleepless nights.

imply v to communicate an idea or feeling without saying it directly, e.g. His silence implied agreement.

intimate v to make smth known esp. Secretly, e. g. She had intimated to us that she no longer wished to be considered for the post.

insinuate v to suggest unpleasantly and indirectly, e.g. Are you insinuating that I am a liar?

8. rattle vt/i 1)(cause to) to make short, sharp sounds quickly, one after the other, e. g. The windows were rattling in the strong wind. The hail rattled on the roof.

to rattle off (colloq.) totalk, to say or repeat smth quickly; to repeat (words) quickly and too easily from memory; to per­form (an action) with ease and speed, e. g. What is the point of teaching the children to rattle off the names of the kings and queens of England if they know nothing about history?

to rattle away/on to talk rapidly and at some length and un­interestingly, e. g. At every meeting of the women's club, Mrs White rattles on for hours.

2) to annoy, cause to feel angry, e. g. My persistent quest­ioning of his story rattled him, and he refused to answer my queries. She was rattled by the hypothetical eyes spying upon her.

Syn. embarrass, discomfit, abash, faze

embarrass v to cause to feel self-conscious, awkward or ashamed, e.g. I was embarrassed by his comment about my clothes.

discomfort v to cause slight pain, e.g. His injury still discomforts him.

abash v to make feel ashamed, embarrassed, e.g. boss’ criticism left him feeling rather abashed.

faze v to fluster (розбурхувати), to surprise and worry someone, e.g. No one is fazed by the sight of guns here any more.

rattled a annoyed, e. g. In the end he got rattled (or We got him rattled).

9. reduce vt/i 1) to take (smth) smaller or less; being smth (such as a price, size, or amount) down to a lower level or smaller size, e. g. Your speed must be reduced to the city speed limit as soon as you cross the border. Taxes should be reduced to an amount that people can afford to pay. The book will have to be reduced to 300 pages. The whole town was reduced to ashes in the bombing. 2) to bring or get to a certain condition, e. g. The new teacher was quickly able to reduce the noisy class to silence. Hunger had reduced the poor dog to skin and bone. His opponent's clever speech reduced the speaker's argument to nonsense.

to reduce by/to, e. g. We have been able to reduce our tax bill by 10%. The price of the chair has been reduced to $ 10.

to reduce someone to tears to make someone weep, e. g. You may choose to scold this child, but there's no need to reduce him to tears.

Syn. decrease, lessen, diminish, abate, dwindle = reduce.

The difference is in the combinability of the following collocations:

decrease = to reduce;

lessen: ~ the impact, ~ likelihood, ~ risk of smth;

diminish: ~ strengths, ~ enthusiasm, ~ hopes, ~ supplies, ~ funds;

abate: ~ wind, ~ noise, ~ pain, ~ storm;

dwindle (away to nothing): ~ hopes, ~ popularity, ~ profits, ~ savings.

reduction n reducing or being reduced, e. g. The goods are sold at a great reduction in price.

Syn. discount

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY. Practice

1. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

A. 1. "You are making too much fuss of me, don't worry", he said, with a smile, suggestive of annoyance. 2. I had seldom seen him like this. He seemed, indeed, annoyed with me for having asked this question. 3. He was annoyed at the way she tried to take over the whole meeting. 4. I want you, Lady Willard, to ascertain for me exactly how much is newspaper chat­ter, and how much may be said to be founded on facts. 5. The woman kept chattering in and out as she prepared the table. 6. In a nearby tree a squirrel chattered. 7. The noise of old-fashioned computer printers chattering away gave me a head­ache. 8. Then the fever came on again and his teeth chattered. 9. His friends cheered him on when he was about to give up. 10. No one could help but cheer the verdict "not guilty". 11. "See you tonight then. Cheers!", I said and put down the receiver. 12. You can hear the cheers of the crowd two miles away from the football ground. 13. He gave me a cheery greeting. 14. His cheerful acceptance of responsibility encouraged us all. 15. You could never be unhappy in such a cheerful house. 16. A cheerful fire was burning in the grate. 17. "It's not a wrestling match, not a contest of strength", he said. 18. She contested five of seven titles. 19. There is always a contest be­tween the management and the unions. 20. She's won a lot of dancing contests. 21. The championship is being keenly con­tested by seven athletes. 22. In tonight's quiz the contestants have come from all over the country to fight for the title of "Superbrain". 23. The contest for leadership of the Party is gathering speed. 24. He became seriously depressed and suicidal, and applied for emergency psychotherapy. 25. She emerged from the sea cold but exhilarated and toweled herself vigorously. 26. The method of this comprehensive study is to highlight the issues that emerged in the 1960s in University life. 27. The President has emerged unseated from the scan­dal. 28. He seemed to emerge from his reverie. 29. His profes­sional training enabled her to act swiftly arid decisively when faced with an emergency. 30. My wife had to open the tins we kept for an emergency. 31. It has emerged that secret talks were underway between the two companies.

B. 1. He wanted to be left alone to go about his business. 2. His new book was going along nicely. 3. The breakfast arrived and he went at it like a starving refugee. 4. I'll try to go by reason as far as possible. – I'm sorry, madam, but we have to go by rules. 5. "I think my presentation went down rather well, don't you?" 6. In spite of going down badly with the critics, the film has been a tremendous commercial success. 7. I'd rather not go into that now. 8. Don't sign anything until you have gone over it thoroughly. 9. Go easy on salt, it's bad for your heart. 10. Some jokes go round year after year. 11. Could I have a glass of water to help these pills go down? 12. They were looking for a minute at the soft hinted green in the branches against the sky. 13. Although it was a raw March afternoon, with a hint of fog coming in with the dusk, he had the window wide open. 14. I coughed politely as she lit a cigarette but she didn't take the hint. 15. There's only a hint of brandy in the sauce, so I don't think it'll make you drunk. 16. This was a large low-ceilinged room, with rattling machines at which men in white shirt sleeves and blue aprons were working. 17. Druet was rattling on boasting about his recent victories and Hurstwood grew more and more resentful. 18. The quiet deliberate footsteps approaching my door rattled me/got me rattled. 19. She seemed rattled about my presence/by my ques­tion. 20. I had taken a taxi which rattled down the road. 21. He was left alone except Rachel rattling pots in the kitchen. 22. Reduced to extreme poverty, begging, sometimes going hungry, sometimes sleeping in the parks, Hurstwood admitted to himself the game was up. 23. The Education Department had threatened the headmaster with a reduction in the staff, which meant more work and reduced salaries for the remain­ing teachers and himself. 24. Every building in the area was reduced to rubble. 25. The captain was reduced to the ranks for his dishonorable action. 26. The contractor had reduced his price from sixty to forty thousand dollars. 27. Mr. Lamb resent­ed these intrusions and reduced them to a minimum. 28. They were reduced to selling the car to pay the phone bill. 29. They have made substantial reductions in the labor costs. 30. By the end of the interview Martin was reduced to almost speechless anger.

2. Give the equivalents for:

дошкуляти комусь до смерті; знудити, набридати; було прикро (неприємно); незадоволений голос; роздратований тон;

стукати зубами; базіки; цвірінькання птахів;

радісні думки; весела особа; весела кімната; яскравий, світлий день; бадьорий настрій; життєрадісна людина; приємна бесіда; веселощі, пожвавлення; вигуки схвалення; підтримка, розрада; оплески;

суперечка, змагання, боротьба; міжнародне змагання; музичний конкурс; боротися за кожну п'ядь землі; суперничати; домагатися обрання у парламент;

раптово з'явитися; непорушний запас; запасний вихід; стоп-кран; гостра потреба; критичний стан; вимушена посадка; надзвичайні заходи; надзвичайний стан; непередбачений випадок; надзвичайні повноваження;

ходити; продовжувати; передувати; переглядати; проаналізувати заново; посередник; упасти, бути переможеним;

залишатися в століттях; бути прийнятим, схваленим ( кимось);

кидатися, нападати на когось; вертатися до чогось.;

ґрунтувати свою думку на чомусь; платити (за обід) нарівно, (навпіл); продати дешево (задарма);

подобатися (про щось); знепритомніти; переглянути щось (швидко ознайомитися);

злегка натякнути; прозоро натякнути, натякати на щось; грубо натякнути; бути ознакою (грози, що насувається);

тріскотіти, гуркотати, гриміти; тарабанити (про дощ); бовтати, тріскотіти, говорити без угаву; мчатися з гуркотом; відтарабанити урок; брязкальце; гримуча змія;

знижувати ціни; знижувати зарплату; укоротити спідницю; зменшити вплив; довести до крайнощів; довести до вбогості; довести до мінімуму; довести до абсурду; скоротити військові витрати; зменшити швидкість, знижувати температуру; понизити на посаді/у званні.

3. Give the equivalents for the following words and word combinations: