VII. Подберите к словам из колонки А их синонимы из колонки B.

A B

1. major a) suppose

2. attempt b) possibility

3. believe c) beginning

4. power d) main

5. lack e) suggest

6. propose f) absence

7. opportunity g) concern

8. refer h) succeed

9. source i) authority

10. manage j) effort

VIII. Прочитайте текст, перепишите и переведите письменно абзацы 2 и 3.

WEBER’S THREE DIMENSIONS OF STRATIFICATION

1. Max Weber is considered to be one of the great names in the history of sociology. In Weber’s lifetime the influence of Marx on social theory was immense. And some of Weber’s major works were attempts to modify Marxist positions. Weber believed that Marx’s wholly economic view of stratification could not capture primary features of modern industrial stratification systems. Weber noticed that social position did not always seem to be simply a matter of property ownership. Many Germans who belonged to the nobility lacked wealth yet possessed immense political power. On the other hand, Weber noted that some wealthy German families, despite owning factories or large companies, lacked political power and social standing because they were Jewish.

2. In a strictly Marxist conception of class, these Jewish families would belong to the bourgeoisie, while many powerful Junkers (aristocrats) would belong to the proletariat. Thus, Weber proposed that stratification is also based on other, independent factors. He suggested three such factors: class, status, and party. Modern social scientists have found several of Weber’s terms somewhat confusing; therefore, they have renamed them to constitute “three P’s” of stratification: property (what Weber called “class”), prestige (status), and power (party).

3. By class Weber meant groups of people with similar “life chances” as determined by their economic position in society. This is what modern social scientists refer to as property. Weber realized that in some circumstances control of property might be independent of ownership. Thus, Weber was able to recognize the high class positions of managers who control firms they do not own. Weber recognized that economic position can rest on control without ownership because he saw that prestige (or “status”) and power were not wholly the consequence of property relations. Instead, they could be the source of property relations. To use a trivial example, when famous athletes or military heroes endorse a commercial product, they are exchanging their prestige, or social honour, for economic advantage.

4. Power was defined as the ability to get one’s way despite the resistance of others. People may be very powerful without acquiring much property. Additionally, power is often traded for economic advancement. Many politicians manage to retire rich even though they received only modest salaries while in office. The whole of influence peddling assumes the sale of power, while Marx seemed to believe that power can only be bought.

IX. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What was Weber’s opinion about Mark’s economic view of stratification?

2. What do “three P’s” of stratification mean?

3. What was a key question for Weber?

X. Подтвердите или опровергните следующую информацию.

1. The influence of Marx on social theory was insignificant.

2. Weber supposed that stratification was based on three factors: class, status, and party.

3. People may not be powerful without having much property.

ВАРИАНТ 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них инфинитив и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. He had instructions to take us to the dining-room when we were ready.

2. There was nothing to be done.

3. She was the first to break the silence.

4. I thought you did that to encourage me.

5. You are too wise to understand that.

6. To discover the truth would be a success.

7. But life isn’t hard to manage when you’ve nothing to lose.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните инфинитивные обороты Complex Subject и Complex Object и переведите их на русский язык. Найдите во 2 абзаце текста 2 предложения с Complex Subject , выпишите их и переведите на русский язык.

1. The family suspected it and wanted to get him to see a psychologist.

2. Politicians are sure to be the greatest liars in the world.

3. She has heard him to occupy a leading position in the research centre.

4. Most people believe politics to be the most unpleasant deal.

5. The problem of religion is known to have been the subject of long discussion.

6. Human activity is likely to destroy many exotic animals and plants.

7. He happens to work at the same problem.

III. Найдите ошибку в предложениях и исправьте ее. Перепишите исправленный вариант и переведите его на русский язык.

1. They never let her to go there.

2. You had better to confess your sins for you are going to die.

3. We were meet in the conference-hall after the experiment.

4. I felt the atmosphere in the room grow tense.