Примеры употребления модальных глаголов

Рекомендуем внимательно почитать примеры и попробовать придумать свои к каждому модальному глаголу. Только так у них есть шанс закрепиться у вас в памяти!

Таблица 3

Употребление модальных глаголов

Модальный глагол	Пример	Использование модального глагола
CAN	They can play baseball. You can take my umbrella. Can you make a cup of coffee for me?	Умение, предложение, просьба
BE ABLE TO	They are able to play baseball.	Умение
CAN'T	Jerry can't be in the library now – I have just seen him on the street.	Уверенность в том, что что-либо невозможно
COULD	She could recite long poems when she was younger. Could you make a cup of coffee for me? You could take my umbrella.	Умение, предложение, просьба
MAY	It may be good to meet her at the airport. May I leave earlier today?	Вероятность, официальная/ формальная просьба
MIGHT	It might be good to meet her at the airport.	Вероятность
MUST	Children must read books every day. Look at the clouds – it must start raining in a minute.	Обязательство, Уверенность в правдивости чего-либо
HAVE TO	Children have to read books every day.	Обязательство
NEED TO	These students need to take the exam at the end of the month.	Обязательство
NEEDN'T	She needn't sign this form.	Отсутствие обязательства
MUSTN'T	Parents mustn't leave their kids home alone.	Запрет
DON'T HAVE TO	I don't have to come to work today.	Отсутствие обязательства
SHOULD	He should see a doctor.	Мнение/ Совет
OUGHT TO	He ought to see a doctor.	Мнение/ Совет

Test. 1. Where is Nick? He ..… be in his office.

a) should b) would c) might d) ought to

2. Jim gave me a letter to post. I ….. remember to post it.

a) can b) may c) must d) needn’t

3. The situation was bad but it ….. worse. a) could b) should be c) could have been d) must have been

4. I ….. to sleep recently.

a) can’t b) couldn’t c) haven’t been able d) mustn’t

5. ..… you speak any foreign language?

a) may b) can c) might d) will 6. He must ….. to Saint-Petersburg before.

a) be b) been c) have been d) has been

7. I was surprised that she ..… say such rude words.

a) must b) would c) will d)should

8. You look tired. You ….. go to bed.

a) must b) would c) could d) should 9. I didn’t ..… to get up early, so I didn’t.

a) must b) should c) need d) ought 10. What shall we do this evening? We ..… go out.

a) should b) could c) would d) ought to

11. He ..… be at home. He ….. be out.

a) should, mustn’t b) can, shouldn’t c) must, can’t d) must, needn’t

12. The phone is ringing. It ….. be Jack.

a) must b) can c) would d) could

13. He is terribly fat. He ..… eat too much.

a) mustn’t b) can’t c) should d) would

14. It’s a secret. You ….. tell anyone.

a) shouldn’t b) wouldn’t c) needn’t d) mustn’t

15. If you want to become a teacher, you … go to teachers training college for four years. a) may b) should c) have to d) must

16. I recommend you to apologize. You ..… apologize.

a) would b) should c) must d) shall

17. I’ll ….. go now. My friends are waiting.

a) must b) have to c) need d) be able to

18. We haven’t got much time. We ….. hurry.

a) must b) needn’t c) can d) should 19. ..… you like a cup of coffee?

a) will b) could c) would d) should 20. Take an umbrella. It ..… rain later. a) might b) should c) would d) can

BRAIN. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Key words on the topic: read, translate, train the pronunciation, memorize.

neurons or cells, are the basic units of the nervous system

The central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

the all-or-none principle means that when the electrical impulse reaches a certain level, it causes an electrical charge to move down the axon, remaining at the same strength throughout its travel

GABA is a neurotransmitter that inhibits the firing of neurons

norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that inhibits the firing of neurons in the brain and spinal cord but excites the heart muscles, the intestines, and urogenital tract

dopamine is a neurotransmitter that related to mental health; excessive dopamine is associated with schizophrenia

Serotonin

Hindbrain

Medulla

Midbrain

Thalamus

Forebrain

Cerebral cortex

2. Read the text:

Brain – the organ of the body inside the head that controls thought, memory and feelings. OALD p. 131.

Brain – an apparatus with which we think that we think. That which distinguishes the man who is content to be something from the man who wishes to do something. A man of great wealth, or one who has been pitchforked into high station, has commonly such a headful of brain that his neighbors cannot keep their hats on. In our civilization, and under our republican form of government, brain is so highly honoured that it is rewarded by exemption from the cares of office. A. Bierce, from the Devil’s Dictionary, p. 412.

The Nervous System is the system of nerves throughout the body of a person or an animal.

When you suffer an attack of nerves you are being attacked by the nervous system. What chance has a man got against a system?

Scientists refer to the nerve cell, the basic unit of the nervous system, as a neuron. The nervous system is divided into two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the peripheral nervous system connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body.

The peripheral nervous system consists of two major divisions: one, which contains both sensory nerves and motor nerves, is called the somatic nervous system. The other, which monitors breathing, heart rate, and digestion, is the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic nervous system, which helps arouse the body, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which helps calm the body.

The cells that carry input to the brain are called afferent neurons; the cells that carry the output from the brain are referred to as efferent neurons. Most of the brain consists of cells called interneurons.

The nucleus of a neuron can be found in the cell body. Information is collected for the neurons by the dendrites. Information is carried away from the cell body by the axon. Most axons are covered with a layer of insulting fat called the myelin sheath. The axon terminates in small knobs called terminal buttons.

Neurons create electrical signals as electrically charged particles called ions move back and forth through their membrane. Resting potential refers to the stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron. Neurons send messages by creating a brief wave of electrical charge called an action potential. This charge conforms to the all-or-none principle.

As neural impulses reach the end of the axon, they face a gap between neurons called a synapse. Impulses are able to cross the synapse by acting on a group of chemical substances called neurotransmitters. GABA is a neurotransmitter that inhibits the firing of motor neurons. A neurotransmitter that produces skeletal muscle contractions by exciting neurons is acetylcholine. Another neurotransmitter, associated with depression or manic states, is norepinephrine. An excess of the neurotransmitter dopamine is associated with schizophrenia. A neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of sleep is serotonin. Finally, neurotransmitters that seem to function as natural opiates are called endorphins.

During embryological development, the central nervous system begins as a long, hollow tube.

The portion of the brain located at the rear of the skull is called the hindbrain. The hindbrain contains the medulla, which helps control breathing, and the cerebellum, which is believed to help control movement. The pons is a bridge in the hindbrain involved in sleep and arousal.

The midbrain is involved in the relay of information between the brain and the eyes and ears.

The highest region of the is called the forebrain. A forebrain structure that serves mainly as a relay station is called the thalamus. The forebrain structure that regulates eating, drinking, and sex is called the hypothalamus. Olds and Milner’s rat research in the 1950s suggested the existence of a pleasure center in the hypothalamus. Today, researchers agree that other areas of the brain are also involved in pleasure.

The endocrine system consists of the hypothalamus and other endocrine glands. Chemical messengers manufactured by the endocrine glands are called hormones. An endocrine gland that controls and regulates the other glands is the pituitary gland. The adrenal glands, which help regulate our moods, secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.

The limbic system, a loosely connected network of structures under the cerebral cortex, plays important roles in memory and emotion. The limbic system consists of the amygdala and hippocampus.

The largest part of the brain is the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is divided into two halves, called hemispheres, and each is divided into four lobes. The occipital lobe is involved with vision; hearing is associated with the temporal lobe; control of voluntary muscles is associated with the frontal lobe; the parietal lobe is involved in body sensations. There is a point-to-point relation between a part of the body and a location on the cerebrum.

More than 75 percent of the cerebrum is made up of the association cortex. Association areas are responsible for thinking and problem solving.

The two brain hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum. Researchers have found that the two hemispheres function somewhat independently. The left hemisphere mainly controls the ability to use language.

Although many misconceptions exist regarding the functions of the left and right hemispheres, researchers believe that complex thinking involves both sides of the brain.

Although some anatomical differences exist in the brain of males and females, there are far more similarities than differences.

3. Answer the following questions:

1. How do we call the part of the brain that is responsible for thought and planning?

2. What part of our brain is divided into two hemispheres?

3. Does the left hemisphere mainly control the ability to use of language or your appreciation of music, color, and art?

4. What part of brain do you use, when you solve a math problem?

5. What major divisions of peripheral nervous system do you know?

6. How do we call cells that carry input to the brain?

7. Synapse is a gap between neurons at the end of the axon, isn’t it?

8. Where is hindbrain located?

9. Are there far more similarities in the brains of males and femails?

10. How do we call the largest part of the brain?