Sequence of Tenses. Reported Speech
1. Если глагол-сказуемое в главном предложении стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, то употребление времен в дополнительных придаточных предложениях в английском языке не отличается от употребления времен в тааких же придаточных предложениях в русском языке. Времена употребляются по смыслу.
Do you know where she lives now?
Do you know that she lived in Moscow last year?
2. Если глагол-сказуемое в главном предложении стоит в одном из прошедших времен, то употребление времен в английском дополнительном придаточном предложении отличается от употребления времен в аналогичном русском предложении. Применяется правило согласования времен.
Таблица 5
Сдвиг времен в придаточном дополнительном при главном предложении в прошедшем времени
| Present Simple – Past Simple Present Continuous – Past Continuous | Действие придаточного предложения одновременно действию главного предложения |
| Present Perfect } Past Past Simple Perfect | Действие придаточного предложения предшествует действию главного |
| Future – Future-in-the-Past | Действие придаточного предложения совершается позже действия в главном предложении |
He lives in Rome. I thought that he lived in Rome.
Mother was cooking. I knew that my mother was cooking.
She has returned from Negril. I was told that she had returned from Negril.
My brother will send me a post card. I supposed that he would send me a post card.
При переводе предложений в косвенную речь заменяйте обстоятельства времени таким образом:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
today that day
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next day
… ago … before
this … that …
these … those …
here there
last year the year before
last month the month before
last … the … before
next … the following
Indirect Commands
Keep quiet! She told me to keep quiet.
Don’t make noise! She told me not to make noise.
Indirect Questions:
Special Questions.
“What are you doing?” ― He asked me what I was doing.
“Where do you live?” ― He wanted to know where I lived.
“When did you come home yesterday?” ― He wondered when I had come home the day before.
General Questions.
“Do you play chess?” ― He asked me if (whether)I played chess.
“Are you reading a book?” ― He wanted to know if (whether)I was reading a book.
“Have you done your homework?” ― He wondered if (whether)I had done my homework.
“Did you skate last winter?” ― He asked me if (whether)I had skated the winter before.
Перевод следующих конструкций в косвенной речи.
“Let’s play football”, said Mike. ― Mike suggested playing football.
“All right”, said Becky. ― Becky agreed.
“Oh, no”, said Mary. ― Mary refused.
Test
1. I don't know where .. .. Do you know where ...?
A is my passport; is it B my passport is; it is
2. Can you tell me when ... ?
A does the plane leave B the plane leaves C will the plane leave
3. I'd like to find out what... at 7 p.m. yesterday.
A you were doing B did you do C you did
4. Mike said that he ... on us the following week.
A called B will call C would call
5. John asked the teacher if he ... take ... book.
A can; the B could; that C could; this
6. Galileo declared that the earth ... around the Sun.
A moves B moved C had been moving
7. We couldn't understand what....
A he meant B did he mean C he means
8. The old lady said she didn't remember where ....
A she lives B did she live C she lived
9. Jane said that she ... music and ... to become a musician.
A loved; is going B was loving; was going C loved; was going
10. Sherlock Holmes was wondering if the man ... the cabman what....
A said; his name was B told; was his name C had, told; his name was
11. We ... the child not to do that again.
A told B said C asked
12.1 wonder if Peter ... us this afternoon. — Let's wait.
A is calling B calls C will call
13. Alex says that he ... all his money and ... to buy the tickets.
A lost; wouldn't be able B has lost; won't be able
C lost; can't
14. My brother told me that he would be busy ...
A tomorrow B the next day C the day before
15. I thought you … you … to join them at the weekend.
A say; are going B said; would be going C said; were going
16. He said that he ……. swim really fast.
A can B could C be able to
17. He said there …………… an accident outside the supermarket
A was B has been C had been
18. Tom said he …………… to London ……….
A is going; the following day B was going; the following
C was going; tomorrow
19. Maria apologized for not coming. She said she had been busy ………………
A that day B the following day C the day before
20. Hannah said that she ….. to go to the football match, but she didn’t have enough money.
A wants B would want C wanted
MEMORY
Key words on the topic: read, translate, train the pronunciation, memorize.
Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
chunking - is a memory strategy that involves taking individual units of information and grouping them into larger units
clustering - involves organizing information in memory into related groups; memory is clustered into groupings during recall from long-term memory
retroactive inhibition - the tendency for the retention of learned material or skills to be impaired by subsequent learning, esp. by learning of a similar kind
proactive inhibition - the tendency for earlier memories to interfere with the retrieval of material learned later
decay - is a type of forgetting that occurs when memories fade over time