VI. Make up disjunctive questions. 1. A form of hypnotism had been practiced in India.

1. A form of hypnotism had been practiced in India.

2. Surgeons tried to work quickly so as not to prolong the torture.

3. Michael Faraday found that ether had the same effect.

4. Nitrous oxide helps to remove pain.

5. Chloroform was found to relieve pain during child birth.

VII. Make up alternative questions

1. He was using ether an anesthetic.

2. Many prominent people still frowned on the use of anesthetics.

3. The patient holds down by assistants.

4. Queen Victoria agreed to have chloroform at the birth.

5. One hundred and fifty years ago only external operations were possible.

UNIT XIV

I. Read the story and translate it.

Safer surgery

Although some doctors still clung to bleeding as a remedy for numerous ills, many new drugs and techniques were being developed by the latter part of the 19th century. The surgeon was no longer a butcher or a barber but was now recognized as a skilled craftsman on an equal level with the doctor.

But surgery still had its problems and a patient's recovery was still mainly a matter of good luck. However, another great advance was made when a famous surgeon of that time, Joseph Lister, heard about the work of Louis Pasteur and his experiments showing that germs are present on and around everything. Lister decided that germs must be the cause of wound infections and of the failure of many operations. He set about cleaning and sterilizing everything that had anything to do with an operation; the patient's skin, the surgeon's hands, instruments, sewing thread and, swabs. Later on, instead of operating in their ordinary clothes, surgeons were required to wear special gowns and masks. Rubber gloves were invented in 1890. All these precautions made a tremendous difference and the hospital death-rate fell rapidly.

The way was now open for surgeons to perform more difficult internal operations, including even those on the brain. The development of blood transfusion added still further to the range of surgical possibilities. It has since saved hundreds of thousands of lives.

II. Retell it contents in English.

III. Answer the following questions.

1. Is bleeding still use in medicine?

2. What are present on and around everything?

3. What was the main problem of surgery in the 19th century?

4. How did works of Louis Pasteur help surgery?

5. What did Joseph Lister decide to do?

6. What was opened for surgeons to perform?

7. What was the result of Joseph Lister decision?

8. What were surgeons required to wear?

9. What were invented in 1890?

10. Who was no longer a butcher or a barber?