Tag or Disjunctive Questions

Tag question is a short phrase at the end of a statement that turns it into a question. Tag questions are formed using auxiliaries ( do, have, be or modal ).

Positive statement has a negative tag, and vice versa.

You speak French, don’t you?

You don’t speak French, do you?

The tag for I am is aren’t. The tag for let’s is shall

After an imperative we use will you? or won’t you? Sit down, will you?

He is here, is not he? (Он здесь, не так ли?)

He is not here, is he? (Его здесь нет, не правда ли?)

You will come, won’t you? (Ты придешь, не правда ли?)

Jane doesn’t play tennis, does she?

You do not have to go there now, do you?

Tom speaks English fluently, doesn’t he?

Your brother can repair radio-sets, can not he?

Gerund

Gerund is formed by adding -ing to the infinitive:

Go-going

Put-putting

Leave- leaving

Die-dying

We often use -ing forms as subject:

Smoking is bad for you.

We can put objects after –ing forms:

Eating chocolate does not make you slim.

After some verbs we use –ingforms:

Keep love suggest stop dislike

Finish like enjoy hate prefer

Can’t help mind give up practice continue

When we have prepositions + verb we must use an ing form:

The children are tired of going to the same place every summer.

To be interested in art of

To be proud of habit of

To object to hope of

To prevent from thought of

To depend on idea of

To hear of fear of

To afraid of skill in

To think of necessity of

To insist on chance of

To approve of problem of

The Gerund has the forms of tenses:

Form active passive

Simple cleaning being cleaned

Perfect having having been

cleaned cleaned

My cousin likes washing his cat. The cat likes being washed by cousin.

I remember having told the news. I remember having been told the news.

Indirect speech 1

When we tell people what somebody said or thought we often use indirect speech .Statements are usually reported with a past tense verb and optional that. The form of the verb that follows the moves back in time.

Tenses and pronouns change in indirect speech if the time and speaker are different:

Direct Indirect speech

Present Indefinite - Past Indefinite

Present Continuous - Past Continuous

Present Perfect - Past Perfect

Past Indefinite - Past Perfect

Future Indefinite - Future Indefinite in the Past

We also change some time and place expressions if the context has changed:

Direct Indirect speech

This that

These those

Here there

Now then

Today that day

This week that week

Yesterday the day before

Last week the week before

Two days ago two days before

Tomorrow the next day

Next week the next week

Direct speech «I am a very sorry». Jane : “I will be ready in a moment ”     She said, “ My name is Lena ”. ( Она сказала: « Меня зовут Лена ».)     He said, “ I will come tomorrow ”.     She said, “ I wasn’t here yesterday ”.     Jane said, “I don’t like this book”.   My father said, “ I visited this place two years ago ”.

Indirect speech He says ( that )he is very sorry. Jane says that she’ll be ready in a moment.   She said that her name was Lena. She told that her name was Lena. ( Она сказала, что ее зовут Лена.)   He said ( told me ) ( that ) he would come the next day.   She said ( told us ) ( that ) she had been there the day before.   Jane said she didn’t like that book.   My father told me that he had visited that place two years before.

Indirect speech 2

We can report questions with verbs like ask, wonder, want to know. Tense change rules are the same.

“Where do you live?” he asked

He asked where I lived.

If there is no question word we addif or whether.

“Are you British?”-She asked me if/whether I was British.

In reported questions we use the same word order as in statements:

“Do you speak English?”- She want to know if I speak English.

Reporting commands and request:

Command are reported with tell and the infinitive.

“ Wait! Wait!”

I told him to wait.

Requests are reported with ask and the infinitive.

“ Please wait!”

I asked her to wait.

Other reporting words:

Advise, agree, offer, remind, refuse, invite, decide, suggest

Conditional sentences 1

Sentences with if are called conditionals. The if …clause is the condition and other part of the sentence is the result. There are three types of conditional. The first conditional: 1) If+ S V Vs O, S shall/ will V O.