Requirements of safety are to the constructions and exploitation of a lifting-transport equipment

In a production lifting-transport is widely utilizedequipment, accordingly, there is plenty of kinds and types of machines for his realization. On the whole such machines can be divided into two groups: transporting and load lifting.
Transporting machines intended for moving of mass loads a continual method. To them take facilities of the horizontal transporting: band and chain conveyers (conveyers), spiral conveyers (shneki), pneumatic transport devices for moving, mainly, pulverulent materials. On oil-processing and build enterprises, in addition, a pipeline transport is widely used. The horizontal moving of materials is possible also facilities of periodically operating transport by the suspended roads, by a claotype and trackless transport (by railway cisterns, trolleys, cars, by trolleys and others like that). However comparatively with a continually operating transport these methods of moving of loads require considerable hand service, are more dangerous and less hygienical.
Load lifting machines (in accordance with determination, accepted Derzhnagirpromglyad from okhoroinpraci) are jecks of cyclic action for recurrently forward motion of load lifting organa in space. On the whole they can be divided into lifts and faucets.
Lifts lift a load on a certain trajectory, to set the hard sending. To the lifts take jacks, elevators (freight and for raising of people).
By a faucet, after terminology there are the Public organs of inspection, name a vantazhopidyomnu machine, intended for getting up and moving of load, suspended by a hook or other by a vantazho-zakhoplyuval'nim organ.
A structure and exploitation of vantazhopidyomnikh machines is regulated «Rules of structure and safe exploitation of vantazhopidiymal'nikh faucets». The example of facilities of horizontal transport are band and chain conveyers which are widely used in industry. The analysis of traumatism shows that 90 % unhappy cases on these conveyers takes a place as a result of fascination of parts of body or clothes parts equipments which moves or appears suddenly, in the moment of removal in motion of conveyer of defects. Therefore on a working conveyer forbidden to correct the change (flowed) of ribbon and remove it probuksovku, to take away material which prosipavsya, sweep under a conveyer, take off sticking materials.
Important is ability correctly to apply devices which eliminate or diminish the necessity of hand labour, in particular, use of scrapers and brushes for the mechanical cleaning of ribbons from materials which stick.
Drive and natyazhniy drums fence off; set on them two eventual switches which stop the system at the overload of hauling organs or at the precipice of ribbon. On a muff which connects the electric motor of privoda with a drive drum, arrange a preventive finger which works on a cut at the increase of hauling effort on 25 % comparatively with normal.
Spiral conveyers belong to the number of facilities of horizontal continual transport (shneki). They are utillized for transporting on relatively small distances of hot, those that form a dust, whether those which select harmful fumes, loads, as a construction of these conveyers can provide sufficient impermeability. Chamfers and lids of shneka pressurize gaskets or by aquatic breech-blocks. Work of shneka is shut out with the taken off lid, forbidden during work of shneka to push through seized-up in a chamfer material by hand.
To facilities of continual transport without flexible hauling organs take pneumatic transport devices. An agent which is transported are smoke gases, oil pair, aquatic pair, air. Lack of this method of transporting - the wear of equipment is enhanceable from erosion, here even small an uncloseness can quickly result in considerable extrass a dust and gas. It causes the necessity of systematic continual supervision after integrity of all of knots of pnevmotransportu.
As a periodically operating transport is applied by cars and translifts: trolleys; electric vehicles which over are brought in an action the electric motors of direct-current from accumulators, trolleys with a petrol engine; self-propelled elektro- and benzo loaders for banking of artificial loads and other types of transport. Application of transport vehicles with electric motors is limited to the terms explosion of unconcern, and to the transport with benzomotorami - selection of harmful exhaust gases which are impermissible in the closed apartments. On territory enterprises determine optimum ways movements of every type of transport, which would provide the minimum number of crossings of freight and human streams; the places of crossing show indicated preventive signs; passages in apartments mark white lines on the floor. Safe motion of transport vehicles and pedestrians on enterprises is regulated the special instructions.
Load liftings faucets and elevators belong to the equipment of enhanceable danger, the special state supervision after their exploitation, carried out the organs of the State supervision, is set in this connection. Establishment of state supervision does not take off responsibility from guidance and engineer - technical workers of production for a leadthrough from the side of operative control at work of similar equipment. For this purpose guidance of enterprise appoints engineer - technical workers which carry out a supervision after safe exploitation of faucets and responsible for maintenance load of liftings machines in the in good condition state.
Before a management and service load of liftings machines persons are assumed not junior 18 years, which passed a medical review, taught on the proper program and attested a qualifying commission the representatives of organs of the State supervision take part in which. Knowledges of rules of structure and ununconcern of exploitation are periodically (not rarer once in a year) checked up load of liftings faucets.
Load liftings machines are made on the specialized enterprises which have a proper license of organs of the State supervision on the issue of such equipment. This is determine terms, necessary for the high-quality making of metal of constructions and implementation of welding works in accordance with the requirements of Rules in relation to faucets.
At planning and making the load of liftings machines is foreseen:
] protection of drive and transmission mechanisms;
] presence of devices, which warn the casual including of parts which move;
] accordance electro- equipment the requirements of PUE, PTE and PTB; presence of grounding; an automatic break of circle is at stopping of serve of electric power which is a necessity for warning of the spontaneous including of machine at proceeding in the serve of current;
] an equipment is a load of liftings mechanisms by devices and devices of safety.
To the devices built on safety eventual switches, which eliminate an electric motor at approach of hook, clamshell or other will build on the load of keen device, and also met a faucet to one of extreme positions. Eventual switches also automatically stop the mechanisms of movement of faucets and them freight light carts before going near supports which are in the ends of claotype way.
Automatic Warners of dangerous tension include the signal of notification about the dangerous approaching of arrow of self-propelled faucet to the send-offs which are under tension of line of electricity transmission. Principle of action of prilada is based on catching of electromagnetic energy, by the radiated line of electricity transmission, by a portable aerial device, set on ogolovku met. A light alarm bulb is equipped in the booth of kranovika, siren or bluebell - out of booth for bringing in of attention of riggers.
Devices target at maintenance of faucet which works outdoors, from the spontaneous moving on a claotype way under the action of wind which after force prevails maximum possible. The basic element of devices against a theft are claotype invaders (a rail is clamping pliers),) by which faucet by hand or automatically fastened for rails.
Other devices of safety are used: blocking of hatch and doors of booth is in travelling cranes; limitations of turn are on tower faucets; measuring devices of heel are on self-propelled faucets; limitations of defect on travelling cranes and others like that.
From plenty of knots and mechanisms of liftings faucets very important from the point of view safety are brakes and hauling flexible organs.
Brakes on purpose are divided into a stop which are used only for stopping of mechanism and maintenance of load at heaved up the state, and trigger, that utillized for adjusting of speed of lowering of load and gradual deceleration of action of mechanism with his final next stop. To the brakes followings the basic requirements of safety are pulled out: a sufficient brake moment is for the set terms of work; rapid shorting and breaking, high structural durability of elements of brake, limitation of heating and tearing down of surfaces of friction, comfort of review and adjusting, firmness of adjusting which provides reliability of work of brake device. The good condition of brakes is checked up, that variably before the beginning of work.
A rope settles accounts on durability after a formula

Unit 5

Technosphere Safety

Before we start:

discuss the questions in pairs: How cantechnosphere effect human life, flora and fauna? What are professional skills of a specialist with a concentration onTechnosphere concentrated on?

Section 1. Word Study