По аудиторному и внеаудиторному чтению

Т.В. Мамонова

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Практикум

По аудиторному и внеаудиторному чтению

для студентов ii-iv курсов

по специальности

230103 - «Автоматизированные системы обработки информации и управления»

Утверждено учебно-методическим советом Оскольского политехнического

колледжа в качестве практикума для студентов колледжа

Старый Оскол – 2008

УДК

ББК

Составитель

Мамонова Т.В. – преподаватель иностранного языка Оскольского политехнического колледжа

……………………………

Научный редактор

Степанова А.М. – зам. директора ОПК по УМиНР, к.п.н., доцент

Рецензенты:

Ряполова Н.В. – преподаватель иностранного языка Оскольского политехнического колледжа

Акинина Н.В. – преподаватель иностранного языка Старооскольского филиала Белгородского Университета

Практикум составлен в полном соответствии с Государственными требованиями и к минимуму содержания и уровню подготовки выпускников по специальности 230103 - «Автоматизированные системы обработки информации и управления».

Данный практикум предназначен для изучения английского языка в области информационных технологий. Представленный материал позволит не только углубить свои знания в английском языке, но и овладеть основами компьютерной 1 грамотности. Практикум содержит тексты из оригинальной литературы, посвященные теме «Компьютеры и информационные системы»; учебные задания, способствующие усвоению и запоминанию специальных терминов по компьютерным технологиям; задания для развития навыков чтения, свертывания и развертывания информации при составлении аннотаций и рефератов на русском и английском языках.

Практикум составлен для аудиторных и внеаудиторных занятий студентов II-IV курсов по специальности 230103 «Автоматизированные системы обработки информации и управления».

Введение

Предлагаемый практикум составлен в соответствии с «Концепцией модернизации российского образования на период до 2010 года» и введением профильного обучения. В современном информационном мире владение компьютерными технологиями является абсолютно необходимым для каждого грамотного человека. Неотъемлемым компонентом компьютерной грамотности следует признать должный уровень владения определенным корпусом понятий и терминов языка компьютерных технологий. По существу, речь идет об изучении специального, функционального аспекта английского языка. Такого рода языковые знания весьма полезны для уверенной ориентировки пользователя в мире информации и повышения его технологических возможностей при работе с компьютером.

Цель практикума – обучить языковым средствам для эффективного общения с компьютером; пониманию специальных научно-технических текстов в области компьютерных технологий; умению свернуть и развернуть информацию при подготовке рефератов и аннотаций на русском и английском языках.

Практикум содержит:

- тексты из оригинальной литературы, посвященные теме «Компьютеры и информационные системы»;

- учебные задания, способствующие усвоению и запоминанию специальных терминов по компьютерным технологиям;

- задания для развития навыков чтения, свертывания и развертывания информации, составления аннотаций и рефератов как на русском, так и на английском языке;

- задания по совершенствованию навыков письменного перевода;

- упражнения по усвоению грамматических явлений, характерных для научно-технических текстов;

- контрольные тесты в конце каждого раздела;

- игровые материалы (викторины, лексические игры), способствующие закреплению полученных знаний и повышению интереса к учебному курсу.

Практикум предназначен для аудиторных и внеаудиторных занятий студентов II-IV курсов по специальности 230103 «Автоматизированные системы обработки информации и управления» и соответствует рабочей программе.

Содержание

Общество, зависимое от информации 5

История создания компьютеров 9

Компьютерные системы 14

Функциональная организация компьютера 20

Запоминающее устройство 24

Центральное процессорное устройство, ЦПУ 29

Устройство ввода – вывода 34

Персональные компьютеры 42

Автоматизация производственных процессов 49

Список использованных источников 55

UNIT 1

INFORMATION-DEPENDENT SOCIETY

1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1.

computer literacy— компьютерная грамотность

problem-solving device — устройство, обеспечивающее решение задачи

be aware of— понимать, сознавать

opportunity— возможность

basics — основы

application — применение; использование

to restate— пересмотреть, переосмыслить significant— значительный

achievements — достижения

computing — вычисление; счет; работа на компьютере

to embrace — охватывать

dimension — измерение

instruction — команда, инструкция, указание

to direct the operation — направлять работу

to process — обрабатывать

subscription magazine - журнал no подписке

data processing system — система обработки данных

store manager— директор магазина

to have much in common — иметь много общего

2. Прочтите текст и скажите, как вы понимаете термины «информационное общество» и «компьютерная грамотность».

Text 1. COMPUTER LITERACY

Informed citizens of our information-dependent society should be computer-literate, which means that they should be able to use computers as everyday problem-solving devices. They should be aware of the potential of computers to influence the quality of life.

There was a time when only privileged people had an opportunity to learn the basics, called the three R's: reading, writing, and arithmetics. Now, as we are quickly becoming an information-becoming society, it is time to restate this right as the right to learn reading, writing and computing. There is little doubt that computers and their many applications are among the most significant technical achievements of the century. They bring with them both economic and social changes. "Computing" is a concept that embraces not only the old third R, arithmetics, but also a new idea — computer literacy.

In an information society a person who is computer-literate need not be an expert on the design of computers. He needn't even know much about how to prepare programs which are the instructions that direct the operations of computers. All of us are already on the way to becoming computer-literate. Just think of your everyday life. If you receive a subscription magazine in the post-office, it is probably addressed to you by a computer. If you buy something with a bank credit card or pay a bill by check, computers help you process the information. When you check out at the counter of your store, a computer assists the checkout clerk and the store manager. When you visit your doctor, your schedules and bills and special services, such as laboratory tests, are prepared by computer. Many actions that you have taken or observed have much in common. Each relates to some aspect of a data processing system.

3. Просмотрите текст 1 еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1. What does "a computer-literate person" mean? 2. Are you aware of the potential of computers to influence your life? 3. What do the people mean by "the basics"? 4. What is the role of computers in our society? 5. What is computing'? 6. What is a program? 7. Prove that we all are on the way to becoming computer-literate. 8. Give examples of using computers in everyday life.

4. Прочтите, переведите и запомните следующие выражения:

An information-dependent society; a computer-literate citizen; an everyday problem-solving device; to be aware; to influence the quality of life; to have an opportunity; to learn the basics; to learn computing; the most significant technical achievements; to embrace computer literacy; to prepare programs; to direct the operations of a computer; to be on the way of becoming computer-literate; to process information; to have much in common; a data processing system.

5. Вспомните образование и случаи употребления The Past Simple Tense.

А. Назовите три формы следующих неправильных глаголов:

То be; to have; to mean; to learn; to become; to bring; to know; to think; to buy; to pay; to take; to do; to begin; to give; to make; to keep; to get; to read; to show.

Б. Преобразуйте следующие предложения в Past Simple.

1. Many people have an opportunity to use computers.

2. There is no doubt that computers solve problems very quickly.

3. Instructions direct the operation of a computer.

4. Computers bring with them both economic and social changes.

5. Computing embraces not only arithmetics, but also computer literacy.

6. It is well known that computers prepare laboratory tests.

7. Those persons are computer literate and think of buying a new computer.

8. They receive a subscription magazine once amonth.

9. My mother is ill and visits her doctor every other day. Experts know much about how to prepare programs.

6. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2

Intricate — сложный, запутанный,

electronic circuit— электронная цепь, схема

to operate switches— приводить в действие переключатели

to store numbers — запоминать числа

to manipulate — управлять; обращаться; преобразовывать

to input / to feed in — вводить (информацию)

to turn on - to switch on — включать

to turn off = to switch off — выключать

to process data — обрабатывать данные

to supply — подавать, вводить, снабжать, обеспечивать

addition — сложение

subtraction — вычитание

division — деление

multiplication— умножение

exponentiation— возведение в степень

user — пользователь

input device — устройство ввода

disk drive — дисковое запоминающее уст­ройство, дисковод

tape drive — запоминающее устройство на магнитной ленте

cathode-ray tube — электроннолучевая трубка

to make decisions — принимать решения

instantaneously — мгновенно, немедленно

7. Прочтите текст 2 и скажите, что такое компьютер и каковы его основные функции.

Text 2. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one or two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters (symbols).

The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or magnetize or do not magnetize the cores.

The basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accent information in the form of instructions, called a program, and characters, called data, perform mathematical and / or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.

It is considered that computers have many remarkable powers. However most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities.

First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.

Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn't feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn't be of much use. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use terminals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes. The computer's input device (a disk drive or tape drive) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information two common devices used are: a printer, printing the new information on paper, and a cathode-ray-tube display, which shows the results on a TV-like screen.

Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: "Who would win the war between two countries?" or "Who is the richest person in the world?" Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another?

A computer can solve a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job.

A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it works according to the instructions given to it. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical 'brain', but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the necessary information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out great numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do the same, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.

8. Переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1. What is a computer? 2. What are the two possible states of the switches? 3. What are the main functions of a computer? 4. In what way can we make the computer do what we want0 5. What is the basic task of a computer? 6. In what form does a computer accept information? 7. What is a program? 8. What are data? 9. What is memory? 10. What three basic capabilities have computers? 11. What are the ways of inputting informa­tion into the computer? 12. What is the function of an input device? 13. What devices are used for outputting information? 14. What decisions can the computer make? 15. What are the computer's achievements limited by?

9. Найдите в тексте 2 английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Сложная сеть электронных цепей; управлять (приводить в действие) переключателями; возможные состояния; хранить (запоминать) числа; обрабатывать символы; посредством ввода сигналов; включать; выключать; размагничивать сердечники; обработка информации; информация в виде команд; символы, называемые данными; выполнять математические операции; выдавать результаты; обеспечивать необходимую информацию; иметь замечательные возможности; основные свойства; сложение, вычитание, деление, умножение; возведение в степень; средства для общения с пользователем; устройство ввода; дисковод; считывать информацию; вывод информации; катоднолучевая трубка; принимать решения; выполнять тысячи логических операций; без устали; находить решение задачи; значительно меньший промежуток времени; человек; нудная рутинная работа; в соответствии с введенной программой; вырабатывать свои суждения; возможности ограничены программой, заложенной в него человеком; дать требуемую информацию; электрические импульсы; со скоростью света; мгновенно производить огромное количество математических операций; человеку может не хватить всей жизни, чтобы закончить работу.

Text 2. THE FIRST COMPUTERS

In 1930 the first analog computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. This device was used in World War II to help aim guns.

Many technical developments of electronic digital comput­ers took place in the 1940s and 1950s. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The man responsible for this invention was Professor Howard Aiken. This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathe­matical problems at a very fast rate.

In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsilvania, J.Eckert and J.Maushly, built their digital computer with vacu­um tubes. They named their new invention ENIAC (the Elec­tronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator).

Another important achievement in developing computers came in 1947, when John von Neumann developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computer's memory. The contribution of John von Neumann was particu­larly significant. As contrasted with Babbage's analytical engine, which was designed to store only data, von Neumann's ma­chine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, or EDVAC, was able to store both data and instructions. He also contributed to the idea of storing data and instructions in a bi­nary code that uses only ones and zeros. This simplified com­puter design. Thus computers use two conditions, high voltage, and low voltage, to translate the symbols by which we commu­nicate into unique combinations of electrical pulses. We refer to these combinations as codes.

Neumann's stored program computer as well as other ma­chines of that time were made possible by the invention of the vacuum tube that could control and amplify electronic signals. Early computers, using vacuum tubes, could perform compu­tations in thousandths of seconds, called milliseconds, instead of seconds required by mechanical devices.

9. Просмотрите текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы, ис­пользуя информацию текста.

1. When was the first analog computer built? 2. Where and how was that computer used? 3. When did the first digital computers appear? 4. Who was the inventor of the first digital computer? 5. What could that device do? 6. What is ENIAC? Decode the word. 7. What was J.Neumann's contribution into the development of computers? 8. What were the advantages of EDVAC in comparison with ENIAC? 9. What does binary code mean? 10. Due to what invention could the first digital computers be built?

TESTS

1. Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее по смыслу слово. •

1.______________________ British scientists invented а way of multiplying and dividing.

a) mechanical; b) electrical; c) optical

2. A new branch of mathematics, , was invented in England and Germany independently.

a) mechanics; b) arithmetics; c) calculus

3.__ A young American clerk invented a means of coding by punched cards.

a) letters; b) data; c) numbers

4.______________________________ Soon punched cards were replaced by terminals.

a) printer; b) scanner; c) keyboard

5.__________________ Mark I was the first computer that could solve mathematical problems.

a) analog; b) digital; c) mechanical

6._____________ J. von. Neumann simplified his computer by storing information in a code.

a) analytical; b) numerical; c) binary

7.__________________________ Vacuum tubes could control and electric signals.

a) calculate; b) amplify; c) generate

8._______________________________ The first generation computers were and often burned out.

a) uncomfortable; b) uncommunicative; c) unreliable

9. Computers of the second generation used which reduced computational time greatly.

a) transistors; b) integrated circuits; c) vacuum tubes

10. Due to the development of the fourth generation computers became possible.

a) microelectronics; b) miniaturization; c) microminiaturization

2. Выберите правильный перевод предложений, содержа­щих неличные формы глагола (Infinitive, Gerund, Participle I, Participle II).

1. That was the machine provided with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved.

а) Машину обеспечили необходимыми фактами, чтобы она решила проблему.

б) То была машина, снабженная необходимой информацией о задаче, которую предстояло решить.

в) Эту машину обеспечили необходимой информацией о решаемой задаче.

2. The computers designed to use 1С were called third generation computers.

а) Компьютеры сконструировали для использования ИС и назвали их третьим поколением.

б) Компьютеры назывались третьим поколением потому что в них использовались ИС.

в) Компьютеры, сконструированные, чтобы использовать ИС, назывались компьютерами третьего поколения.

3. Mark I was the first machine to figure out mathematical problems.

а) Первая машина для вычисления математических проблем была Марк I.

б) Марк I явилась первой машиной для вычисления математических задач.

в) Марк I была первой машиной, которая вычисляла математические задачи.

4. Early computers using vacuum tubes could perform computations in milliseconds.

а) Первые компьютеры, использующие электронные лампы, могли выполнять вычисления в течение миллисекунд.

б) Ранние компьютеры использовали вакуумные лампы, которые выполняли вычисления за миллисекунды.

в) Рано компьютеры, использующие электронные трубки, выполняли вычисления за миллисекунды.

5. Vacuum tubes to control and amplify electric signals were invented by Neumann.

а.) Изобретенные Нойманом вакуумные лампы регу­лировали и усиливали электрические сигналы.

б) Нойман изобрел электронные лампы для управления и усиления электрических сигналов.

в) Электронные лампы, которые регулировали и усиливали электрические сигналы, были изобретены Нойманом.

6. Neumann's machine called the EDVAC was designed to store both data and instructions.

а) Неймановскую машину, называемую EDVAC, сконструировали для хранения информации и команд.

б) Машина Ноймана, названная EDVAC, была создана, чтобы запоминать как информацию, так и команды.

в) Машину Ноймана, которая хранила данные и инструкции, назвали EDVAC.

7. Computers were developed to perform calculations for military and scientific purposes.

а) Компьютеры были созданы, чтобы выполнять.вычисления для военных и научных целей.

б) Компьютеры создали для выполнения военных и научных вычислений.

в) Созданные компьютеры выполняли вычисления военного и научного назначения.

8. An American clerk invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into cards.

а) Американский служащий изобрел посредством кодирования информации перфокарту.

б) Американский клерк изобрел перфокарту, кодируя информацию.

в) Американский служащий изобрел средство шифрования информации путем пробивания отверстий в карте.

UNIT 3

COMPUTER SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW

1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1.

Architecture – архитектура; структура

Architect – разработчик архитектуры (системы, структуры) unit – устройство; модуль; блок; элемент; составная часть

accessory equipment – вспомогательные устройства

engineering background – техническая подготовка, квалификация

analyst – аналитик; системный разработчик

product line – серия (компьютерных) продуктов

manufacturer – изготовитель; производитель; разработчик

application programmer – прикладной программист

to simulate – моделировать; имитировать

voltage – напряжение

pressure – давление, сжатие

digital computer – цифровой компьютер

hybrid computer – смешанного типа, аналого-цифровой компьютер

discrete – дискретный; отдельный continuous quantity – непрерывная величина

on-going process – продолжающийся, постоянный, непрерывный процесс

to rely – основываться на ч.-л.; полагаться

to install – устанавливать; размещать; монтировать; настраивать

household appliances – домашние

приборы / устройства microwave oven – микроволновая печь

indoor climate control system – система регуляции температуры в доме

2. Прочтите текст и скажите, о каких типах компьютеров и сферах их применения вы узнали.

Text 1. COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

As we know all computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing, processing, controlling, and outputting. Now we'll get acquainted with the computer system units that perform these functions. But to begin with let's examine computer systems from the perspective of the system designer, or architect.

It should be noted that computers and their accessory equipment are designed by a computer system architect, who usually has a strong engineering background. As contrasted with the analyst, who uses a computer to solve specific problems, the computer system architect usually designs computer that can be used for many different applications in many different business. For example, the product lines of major computer manufacturers such as IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation and many others are the result of the efforts of teams of computer system architects.

Unless you are studying engineering, you don't need to become a computer system architect. However, it is important that as a potential user, applications programmer or systems analyst you understand the functions of the major units of a computer system and how they work together.

Types of computers

The two basic types of computers are analog and digital. Analog computers simulate physical systems. They operate on the basis of an analogy to the process that is being studied. For example, a voltage may be used to represent other physical quantities such as speed, temperature, or pressure. The response of an analog computer is based upon the measurement of signals that vary continuously with time. Hence, analog computers are used in applications that require continuous measurement and control.

Digital computers, as contrasted with analog computers, deal with discrete rather than continuous quantities. They count rather than measure. They use numbers instead of analogous physical quantities to simulate on-going, or real-time processes. Because they are discrete events, commercial transactions are in a natural form for digital computation. This is one reason that digital computers are so widely used in business data processing.

Machines that combine both analog and digital capabilities are called hybrid computers. Many business, scientific, and industrial computer applications rely on the combination of analog and digital devices. The use of combination analog devices will continue to increase with the growth in applications of microprocessors and microcomputers. An example of this growth is the trend toward installing control systems in household appliances such as microwave ovens and sewing machines. In the future we will have complete indoor climate control systems and robots to do our housecleaning. Analog sensors will provide in­puts to the control centres of these systems, which will be small digital computers.

3. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1. Who designs computers and their accessory equipment? 2. What is the role of an analyst? 3. Is it necessary for a user to become a computer system architect? 4. What functions do computer systems perform? 5. What types of computers do you know? 6. What is the principle of operation of analog comput­ers? 7. How do digital computers differ from analog computers? 8. Where are digital and analog computers used? 9. What are hybrid computers? 10. Where do they find application?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Функции ввода, хранения, обработки, управления и вывода информации; познакомиться; системные блоки; для начала; вспомогательные устройства; разработчик компьютерной системы; хорошая компьютерная подготовка; различные сферы применения; корпорация цифрового оборудования; прикладной программист; системный раз­работчик; главные устройства компьютерной системы; моделировать физические величины; измерение сигналов; в отличие от; иметь дело скорее с дискретными, чем непрерывными величинами; в режиме реального времени; коммерческие операции; цифровое вычисление; аналого-цифровые компьютеры; тенденция к установке систем управления; домашние приборы.

5. Образуйте (и переведите) имена существительные от приведенных ниже глаголов с помощью суффиксов:

A. -er, -or

То control, to compute, to design, to use, to manufacture, to work, to simulate, to operate, to protect, to process, to deal, to perform, to examine, to program, to execute, to transmit, to convert, to print, to consume, to record.

B. -tion, -sion

To organize, to collect, to combine, to apply (ic), to represent, to add, to corporate, to transact, to compute, to produce, to operate, to execute, to protect, to substitute, to prepare, to invent, to decide, to eliminate, to communicate, to correct, to inform.

C. -ment

To require, to measure, to equip, to invest, to accomplish, improve, to develop, to achieve, to displace, to govern.

6. Переведите предложения, содержащие Participle I и Participle II, в функции обстоятельства.

1. When entering the Internet, I always find a lot of interesting information. 2. Though never built Babbage's analytical engine was the basis for designing today's computers. 3. When written in a symbolic language programs require the translation into the machine language. 4. While operating on the basis of analogy analog computers simulate physical systems. 5. When used voltage represents other physical quantities in analog computers. 6. As contrasted with the analyst, the computer system architect designs computers for many different applications. 7. While dealing with discrete quantities digital computers count rather than measure. 8. When using a microcomputer you are constantly making choice — to open a file, to close a file, and so on. 9. As known all comput­er systems perform the functions of inputting, storing, processing, controlling, and outputting.

7. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2.

hardware – аппаратное обеспечение; аппаратура; оборудование

software – программное обеспечение; программные средства

system software – системное программное обеспечение

application software – прикладное программное обеспечение

firmware – встроенное /микропроцессорное программное обеспечение

visible units – видимый блок, устройство

procedure – процедура, процесс; метод, методика; алгоритм

to associate – соединять; объединять; связывать

associated documentation – соответствующая документация

to execute applications programs – выполнять прикладные программы

payroll – платежная ведомость

inventory control – инвентаризация; переучет

investment analyses – анализ инвестиций (капиталовложений)

to protect – защищать

read-only memory (ROM) – постоянное запоминающее устройство (ПЗУ)

to refer to – относиться к; ссылаться на

to substitute – заменять; замещать

to cause – заставлять, вынуждать; причина, основание

to accomplish – завершать, заканчивать; выполнять, осуществлять

performance – производительность; быстродействие; рабочая характеристика

8. Прочтите текст 2 и объясните, как вы понимаете термины «аппаратное обеспечение» и «программное обеспечение». Переведите текст.

Text 2. HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, AND FIRMWARE

The units that are visible in any computer are the physical components of a data processing system, or hardware. Thus, the input, storage, processing and control devices are hardware. Not visible is the software – the set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documentation that make possible the effective operation of the computer system. Software programs are of two types: systems software and applications software.

Systems software are the programs designed to control the operation of a computer system. They do not solve specific problems. They are written to assist people in the use of the computer system by performing tasks, such as controlling all of the operations required, to move data into and out of a computer and all of the steps in executing an application program. The person who prepares systems software is referred to as a systems programmer. Systems programmers are highly trained specialists and important members of the architectural team.

Applications software are the programs written to solve specific problems (applications), such as payroll, inventory control, and investment analysis. The word program usually refers to an application program, and the word programmer is usually a person who prepares applications software.

Often programs, particularly systems software, are stored in an area of memory not used for applications software. These protected programs are stored in an area of memory called readonly memory (ROM), which can be read from but not written on.

Firmware is a term that is commonly used to describe certain programs that are stored in ROM. Firmware often refers to a sequence of instructions (software) that is substituted for hardware. For example, in an instance where" cost is more important than performance, the computer system architect might decide not to use special electronic circuits (hardware) to multiply two numbers, but instead write instructions (software) to cause the machine to accomplish the same function by repeat­ed use of circuits already designed to perform addition.

9. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1. What is hardware? 2. Give the definition of software. 3. What are the types of software? 4. What are systems software? 5. What kind of tasks do systems software perform? 6. Who prepares systems software? 7. What are applications software? 8. What problems do applications software solve? 9. What is firmware? 10. How can a computer system architect use firmware?

10. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Видимые устройства; система обработки данных; аппаратное обеспечение; набор компьютерных программ; соответствующая документация; эффективная работа; системное программное обеспечение; прикладное программное обеспечение; системный программист; платежная ведомость; переучет; анализ инвестиций; прикладная программа; работающий только в режиме чтения; постоянное запоминающее устройство; последовательность команд; в случае; производительность; электронная цепь; умножать числа; заставить машину выполнять ту же функцию; выполнять сложение.

11. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь перевести словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.

Architecture: communication architecture; computer architecture; disk architecture; microprocessor architecture; network architecture; security architecture; system architecture; virtual architecture.

Software: system software; application software; database software; disk software; educational software; game software; management software; simulation software.

Hardware: computer hardware; device hardware; display hardware; memory hardware; mouse hardware; network hardware; system hardware; video hardware.

Procedure: accounting procedure; computational procedure; control procedure; data-processing procedure; decision procedure; error-correcting procedure; formatting procedure; installation procedure; management procedure; solution procedure.

Protection: computer protection; data protection; device protection; display protection; error protection; hardware protection; software protection; resource protection; security protection; system protection; virus protection.

12. Озаглавьте каждый компонент текста и составьте небольшой реферат к нему (по вариантам).

STEPS IN THE DEVELOPING OF COMPUTERS

1. In 1948 due to the invention of transistors there appeared the possibility to replace vacuum tubes. The transistor occupied an important place on the way to computer development. The potential advantage of the transistor over the vacuum tube was almost as great as that of the vacuum tube over the relay. A transistor can switch flows of electricity as fast as the vacuum tubes used in computers, but the transistors use much less power than equivalent vacuum tubes, and are considerably smaller. Transistors are less expensive and more reliable. They were mechani-cally rugged, had practically unlimited life and could do some jobs better than electronic tubes. Transistors were made of crystallic solid material called semiconductor.

With the transistor came the possibility of building computers with much greater complexity and speed.

2. The integrated circuit constituted another major step in the development of computer technology. Until 1959 the fundamental logical components of digital computers were the individual electrical switches, first in the form of relays, then vacuum tubes, then transistors. In the vacuum tubes and relay stages, additional discrete components, such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors were required in order to make the whole system work. These components were generally each about the same size as packaged transistors. Integrated circuit technology permitted the elimination of some of these components and integration of most of the others on the same chip of semiconductor that contains the transistor. Thus the basic logic element – the switch, or "flip-flop', which required two separate transistors and some resistors and capacitors in the early 1950s, could be packaged7 into a single small unit in 1960. The chip was an important achievement in the accelerating step of computer technology.

3. In 1974 a company in New Mexico, called Micro Instrumentation Telemetry System (MITS) developed the Altair 8800, a personal computer (PC) in a kit. The Altair had no keyboard, but a panel of switches with which to enter the information. Its capacity was less than one per cent that of the 1991 Hewlett-Packard hand held computer. But the Altair led to a revolution in computer electronics that continues today. Hardware manufacturers soon introduced personal computers, and software manufacturers began developing software to allow the computers to process words, manipulate data, and draw. During the 1980s computers became progressively smaller, better and cheaper.

Today the personal computer can serve as a work station for the individual. A wide array of computer functions are now accessible to people with no technical background.

13. Поменяйтесь вариантами и выполните письменный перевод упр. 12.

TESTS

1. Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее по смыслу слово

1.__________________ Computers and their equipment are designed by a computer system architect.

a) engineering; b) accessory; c) specific

2.______ Digital computers use numbers instead of analogous physical.

a) symbols; b) equipment; c) quantities

3. Systems are usualy stored in read-only memory.

a) hardware; b) software; c) firmware

4. A computer is a machine with a complex network of electronic that operate switches.

a) circuits; b) cores; c) characters

5.___________________________ In modern electronic computers the is the device that acts as a switch.

a) integrated circuit; b) diode; c) transistor

6.__________________ A number of actions that convert data into useful information is defined as .

a) data; b) processing; c) data processing

7._________________________ Computers can store, organize and retrieve great amounts of information, far beyond the_____________________ of humans.

a) capacities; b) capabilities; c) accuracy

8.__________ The analyst a computer for solving problems, while the computer system architect computers.

a) requires; b) designs; c) uses

9._________ The use of computers will continue to increase with the growth in applications of microprocessors and minicomputers.

a) analog; b) digital; c) hybrid

10._________________________ The development of third generation computers became possible due to the invention of_____________________ .

a) integrated circuits; b) electronic tubes; c) transistors

2. Согласуйте слова в левой колонке с их интерпретацией, предложенной справа.

1. Compute a) a combination of interconnected circuit elements produced in a chip to perform a definite function

2. Analog computer b) a sequence of instructions enabling the computer to solve a given task

3. Digital computer c) a tiny piece of silicon containing complex electronic circuits used inside all computers

4. Hardware d) a system which processes and stores great amount of data solving problems of numerical computation

5. Software е) a device which can carry out routine mental tasks by performing simple operations at high speed

.6. Program f) electronic and mechanical equipment in a computer system

7. Programming g) a set of programs, procedures and associated documentation

8. Integrated circuit h) the process of preparation set of coded instructions for a computer

9. Chip i) a device that has input and output represented in the form of physical quantities

10. Transistor j) a small piece of a semiconductor that greatly reduced power consumption of a circuit.

3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя:

А. Правильную неличную форму глагола

1. Computing is a concept (embraced; embracing; for embracing) not only arithmetics, but also computer literacy. 2. We can make the computer do what we want (inputted; to input; by inputting) signals (turning; turned; without turning) switches on and off. 3. Computers have a means (by communicating; of communicating; communicated) with the user. 4. Computers work according to the instructions (giving; given; to give) to it by users. 5. The transistor (inventing; invented; for inventing) in 1948 completely changed the vacuum tubes.

Б. Глагол в действительном или страдательном залоге 1. Computers (applied; are applied; are applying) for automatic piloting and automatic navigation. 2. The programs (write; have written; are written) to help people in the use of the computer system. 3. As digital computers (count; counted; are counted) quickly, they widely (use; used; are used) in business data processing. 4. Once data (entered; have entered; have been entered) correctly into the data processing system, the possibility of error (reduced; is reduced; are reduced). 5. It is known that an analyst (use; uses; is used) a computer to solve specific problems.

4. Прочтите текст и выберите правильные ответы на поставленные ниже вопросы к тексту.

FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA

As it is well known, Russian scientists made great contribution into the development of computers. Russian mathematician P. Chebyshev who lived in the 19th century was interested in calculators. Among many other mechanisms invented by him there was an arithmometer designed in 1876. It was one of the most unique calculating machines of the time. At the beginning of the 20th century Academic A.Krylov constructed a mechanical integrator for solving differential equations.

The first Soviet computer, a small-size computing machine (MESM) was tested in 1950 under Academician S.Lebedev. Next year it was put into operation. In a year MESM was followed by BESM, a large-size electronic computing machine, with 8000 operations per second.

Serial production of computers in the USSR has been started since 1953. That year U.Basilevsky headed the design and manufacture of computer STRELA. 1958 witnessed the production of M-20, computers of the first generation under the guidance of S.Lebedev. The first generation of electron tube computers was followed by the second generation of foto transistor computers, using magnetic logic elements.

URAL, BESM-4 and М-220 were produced. Under Academician Glushkov small-size computers MIR, MIR-2 and DNEPR were designed and tested at the Institute of Cybernetics.

In the late 60s together with other members of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance the Soviet Union started on the program of Unified Computer System, the program concerned with the third generation of computers with high-speed performance and program compatibility (совместимость).

1. What was one of the first achievements in the sphere of calculating in Russia?

a) calculator; b) arithmometer; c) mechanical integrator

2. When was the first Soviet computer put into operation? a) in 1950; b) in 1951; c) in 1952

3. Who headed the serial production of computers in the USSR?

a) A.Krylov; b) S.Lebedev; c) U. Basilevsky

4. Which machine was the first in the development of the first generation computers?

a) MESM; b) STRELA; с) M-20

5. When did the production of the third generation computers begin?

a) late 60s; b) early 70s; c) late 70s

ENJOY YOURSELF

Quiz-game "What do you know about computers?" (Who is the first to give the right answers to the questions below?)

1. What does "a computer-literate" person mean?

2. What is the role of computers in our society?

3. What is electronics?

4. Where are electronic devices used?

5. What invention contributed to the appearance of electronics?

6. When and where was the transistor invented?

7. What advantages did the transistor have over the vacuum tube?

8. When was the integrated circuit discovered?

9. What is the essence of the integrated circuit?

10.What is microelectronics?

11.What techniques does microelectronics use?

12.What scales of integration are known to you?

13.What do you understand by microminiaturization?

14.What was the very first calculating device?

15.Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables?

16.Who invented the first calculating machine?

17.How was the first calculating machine called?

18.What was the first means of coding data?

19.What Business Corporation was the first to produce computers?

20.In what fields were the first computers used?

21.When was the first analog computer build?

22.What was the name of the first digital computer?

23.Who built the first digital computer?

24.What is ENIAC? Decode it.

25.Who contributed the idea of storing data and instructions in binary code?

26.What does binary code mean?

27.What were computers of the first generation based on?

28.What invention contributed to the appearance of the second generation computers?

29.What was the essence of the third computer generation?

30.What is the basis of the fourth computer generation?

31.What is a computer?

32.What are the main functions of the computers?

33.What is a program?

34.What are data?

35.What is data processing?

36.Name four advantages of computer data processing.

37.What is capacity storage?

38.What is hardware?

39.What is software?

40.Who designs computers?

UNIT 4

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPUTER

С Good; bad; little; many.

TESTS

TESTS

TESTS

AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS

«AUTOMATION»

Automation is the system of manufacture perform­ing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled auto­matically. The most familiar example of a highly auto­mated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.

The term automation is also used to describe nonma-nufacturing systems in which automatic devices can op­erate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.

Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency.

Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human work­ers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy workpieces performing all the functions of atransfer machine.

In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.

The feedback principle is used in all automatic-con­trol mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor,invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine.The common household ther­mostatis another example of a feedback device.

Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to awide variety of production operations.

Computers have greatly facilitatedthe use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punchedpaper or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled ma­chining centres machine tools can perform several dif­ferent machining operations.

More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. Af­ter the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part.

Another development using automation are the flex­ible manufacturing systems (FMS). A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory.

Automation has also had an influence on the areas of the economy other than manufacturing. Small comput­ers are used in systems called word processors, which are rapidly becoming a standard part of the modern office. They are used to edit texts, to type letters and so on. Automation in Industry

Many industries are highly automated or use automa­tion technology in some part of their operation. In com­munications and especially in the telephone industry di­alling and transmission are all done automatically. Rail­ways are also controlled by automatic signalling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a par­ticular point. In this way the movement and location of trains can be monitored.

Not all industries require the same degree of automa­tion. Sales, agriculture, and some service industries are difficult to automate, though agriculture industry may become more mechanized, especially in the processing and packaging of foods.

The automation technology in manufacturing and as­sembly is widely used in car and other consumer product industries.

Nevertheless, each industry has its own concept of automation that answers its particular production needs.

Vocabulary:

automation — автоматизация

previously — ранее

sequence — последовательность

assembly plant— сборочный завод

nonmanufacturing— непроизводственный

device — устройств