The Future of Water Filtration
The current major concerns in regard to water quality are lead and disinfection byproducts. Lead is a key operational and treatment concern for municipal water treatment plants. It cannot be considered independently of other water quality and treatment issues.
In fact, it seems that water disinfection and protection from lead infiltration are at odds with each other. The pH level required for disinfection must be below 8.0, but the pH level required to minimize lead solvency in plumbing systems is often 8.0 or higher. Water treatment plants provide clean, disinfected water to home plumbing systems, but this water is immediately contaminated from lead as it passes through the plumbing system. The solution to this problem may be the removal of lead from plumbing systems, a factor that would completely revolutionize the plumbing industry.
The rising concern over chlorine byproducts is also likely to affect the future of water filtration. It has long been recognized that chlorination of water results in the formation of THMs. THMs are harmful chemicals that form as a reaction between chlorine and natural, organic materials in water. The most well-known of the THMs is the poison chloroform. This poisonous gas, detrimental to the respiratory system when inhaled, is one of the most important reasons for the installation of shower filters or whole house water filters. It is likely that future research will find other byproducts of chlorination, and the use of chlorine for disinfection could be restricted.
Though these are all speculations, water filtration and treatment will, doubtlessly, continue to evolve in the future. The most important future development may well be the complete transformation of water filtration technology from municipal water treatment plants to whole house water filters, or a combination of the two systems.
Приложение 1
WORD-BUILDING
Эффективным средством расширения запаса слов в английском языке служит знание способов словообразования. Словообразование происходит:
1. При помощи суффиксов:
| Суффиксы | Исходное слово | Производное |
| существительных -er; or | to teach – учить to work – работать to invent – изобретать | teacher – учитель worker – рабочий inventor – изобретатель |
| -ist | art – искусство science – наука | artist – художник scientist – ученый |
| -ion; (-ation; -tion; -sion) | to invite – приглашать to organize – организовывать to connect – соединять to express – выражать | invitation – приглашение organization – организация connection – соединение expression - выражение |
| -ment | to agree – соглашаться to improve – улучшать | agreement – соглашение improvement – улучшение |
| -ing | to begin – начинать to feel - чувствовать | beginning – начало feeling - чувство |
| -ness | dark – темный kind – добрый | darkness – темнота kindness – доброта |
| -ship | friend – друг leader – вождь, лидер | friendship – дружба leadership - руководство |
| -hood | child – ребенок brother - брат | childhood – детство brotherhood - братство |
| -ance; -ence | important – важный different – различный | importance – важность difference – различие |
| прилагательных -able; ible | to change – изменять(ся) access - доступ | changeable – изменчивый accessible- доступный |
| -al; -ic; (-ical) | culture – культура history – история | cultural– культурный historic - historical– исторический |
| -ful | beauty – красота use – польза | beautiful– красивый useful - полезный |
| -less | help – помощь home - дом | helpless – беспомощный homeless - бездомный |
| -ous | fame – слава, известность danger – опасность | famous – известный dangerous – опасный |
| -y | sun – солнце health - здоровье | sunny– солнечный healthy– здоровый |
| глаголов -ate | active – активный | to activate – активизировать |
| -en | short – короткий | to shorten - укоротить |
| -fy (-ify) | pure – чистый simple – простой | to purify – очищать to simplify– упрощать |
| -ize (-ise) | modern – современный | to modernize - модернизировать |
| наречий -ly | loud – громкий part – часть | loudly – громко partly – частично |
2. При помощи префиксов:
| Префиксы | Корневое слово | Производное |
| un- | pleasant – приятный familiar – знакомый | unpleasant – неприятный unfamiliar - незнакомый |
| in- | correct - правильный | incorrect - неправильный |
| im- (il-, ir-) | polite – вежливый literate – грамотный regular - регулярный | impolite – невежливый illiterate – неграмотный irregular - нерегулярный |
| dis- | to appear – появляться | to disappear–исчезать |
| re- | to read – читать | to reread - перечитать |
| pre- | war – война, военный | prewar - довоенный |
| post- | war - война, военный | post-war - послевоенный |
| sub- | division – разделение | subdivision - подразделение |
| en- | large - большой | to enlarge - увеличивать |
3. При помощи конверсии:
| to answer – отвечать | answer – ответ |
| to walk – гулять | walk - прогулка |
| to work – работать | work – работа |
| to order - приказывать | order – приказ |
| to change – менять | change – изменение |
| to free – освобождать | free – свободный |
| to clean – чистить | clean -чистый |
4. Путем словосложения:
| bed + room | bedroom - спальня |
| black + board | blackboard – классная доска |
| news + paper | newspaper – газета |
| first + class | first-class - первоклассный |
| rail + road | railroad - железная дорога |
| gun + powder | gunpowder - порох |
| tram + way | tramway – трамвай |
| pipe + line | pipeline - трубопровод |
| high + way | highway – шоссе, автомагистраль |
| air + plane | airplane - самолет |
| skate + board | skateboard - роликовая доска |
| house + hold | household - домашнее хозяйство |
| wind + mill | windmill – ветродвигатель, ветряная мельница |
| clock + work | clockwork - часовой механизм |
Приложение 2
GRAMMAR REFERENCES