Pidgin english and creole english
Ø 1) Translate the first passage of the text into Russian.
Just as English itself has borrowed words from many different languages over its history, English loanwords now appear in many languages around the world. Several pidgins (simplified languages that develop as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, in situations such as trade) and Creole languages (stable languages that originate as a pidgin) have been formed on an English base, such as Jamaican Patois, Nigerian Pidgin, and Tok Pisin. Let’s have a look at the emergence of black Creole English.
During the early years of American settlement, a highly distinctive form of English was beginning to develop in the islands of the West Indies and the Southern part of the mainland, spoken by the incoming black population. The beginning of the 17th century saw the emergence of the slave trade. Ships from Europe travelled to the West African coast, where they exchanged cheap goods for black slaves. The slaves were shipped in barbarous conditions to the Caribbean islands and the American coast, where they were in turn exchanged for such commodities as sugar, rum, and molasses. The ships then returned to England, completing an “Atlantic triangle” of journeys, and the process began again. Britain and the United States had outlawed the slave trade by 1865, but by that time, nearly 200 years of trading had taken place. By the middle of the 19th century, there were over four million black slaves in America.
The policy of the slave-traders was to bring people of different language backgrounds together in the ships, to make it difficult for groups to plot rebellion. The result was the growth of several pidgin forms of communication, and in particular a pidgin between the slaves and the sailors, many of whom spoke English.
Once arrived in the Caribbean, this pidgin English continued to act as a major means of communication between the black population and the new landowners, and among the slaves themselves. Then, when children were born, the pidgin became their mother tongue, thus producing the first black Creole speech in the region. This Creole English rapidly came to be used throughout the cotton plantations, and in the coastal towns and islands. Similarly, creolized forms of French, Spanish, and Portuguese emerged in and around the Caribbean.
Ø 2) Answer the questions:
a)When did the slave trade begin?
b)When was the slave trade forbidden in the USA?
c)Why did the pidgins develop?
d)How did the pidgins turn into Creole languages?
Ø 3) Match these synonyms to the words in italics in the text: fast, products, to appear, history, cruel, to plan.
Ø 4) Make a summary of the text.
1.7 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AMERICAN
AND BRITISH ENGLISH
Ø 1) Use the examples from the text and disagree with / prove the statement: “American English and British English are mutually incomprehensible.”
Which variety of English do you use: American English (AmE) or British English (BrE)? Whatever your choice is, the most important rule is to be consistent in your usage. For example in the sentence “The color of the orange is also its flavour,” “color” is American spelling and “flavour” is British. The following guide points out the principal differences between these two varieties of English.
Present Perfect and Past Simple.In BrE the Present Perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment. For example, “I’ve lost my key. Can you help me look for it?” In AmE the following is also possible: “I lost my key. Can you help me look for it?” In BrE this would be considered incorrect. However, both forms are generally accepted in standard AmE.
Other differences include the use of “already,” “just,” and “yet.” In BrE people say “I’ve just had lunch. I’ve already seen that film. Have you finished your homework yet?” In AmE these sentences can be equally used with these ones: “I just had lunch. I already saw that film. Did you finish your homework yet?”
“Have” and “Have got.”There are two forms to express possession in English, and both of them are correct. However, “have got” is generally the preferred form in BrE (Have you got a car? He hasn’t got any friends.), while most speakers of AmE employ the form “have” (Do you have a car? He doesn’t have any friends.)
Prepositions. There are also a few differences in the use of prepositions (the first preposition is BrE, the second is AmE): “at / on the weekend,” “in / on a team,” “write to me soon / write me soon.”
One Vocabulary – Different Meanings. Probably the major differences between AmE and BrE are in the choice of vocabulary. Some words mean different things in the two varieties, for example:
| BrE | Word | AmE |
| person of Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi origin | Asian | person of Japanese, Vietnamese, Korean, Philippine origin |
| amount to pay for a service | bill | a piece of paper currency |
| person from the Caucus republics: Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan | Caucasian | white person |
| person from the Indian sub-continent | Indian | indigenous American |
| pleasant | homely | ugly |
| worn under trousers | pants | worn over underwear |
| soon | presently | now |
| fee-paying school | public school | state school |
| well dressed | smart | clever |
| drink served hot with milk | tea | drink served cold with lemon |
Spelling. American spelling is often simplified, as can be seen from the examples in which the first word is BrE and the second is AmE: colour / color, favourite / favorite, theatre / theater, realise / realize, dialogue / dialog, traveller / traveler, cheque / check, jewellery / jewelry, tyre / tire, and more.
One Meaning – Different Vocabulary. Many words are also used in one form and not in the other. Here are some examples:
| BrE | AmE | BrE | AmE | |
| aubergine | eggplant | bureau de change | currency exchange | |
| biscuit | cookie | solicitor | lawyer, attorney | |
| sweets | candy | policeman, bobby | cop | |
| Black or white? (coffee) | With or without? | postman | postal worker / mailman / mail carrier | |
| car park | parking lot | cashier | teller | |
| lorry | truck | Macintosh, Mac | raincoat | |
| petrol station | gas station | Wellington boots | galoshes | |
| block of flats | apartment building | trainers | sneakers | |
| chemist | drugstore | swimming costume | bathing suit |
Past Simple / Past Participle Verb Forms.Some English verbs have two acceptable forms of the Past Simple / Past Participle. In BrE, however, the irregular form is generally more common: “burnt, dreamt, leant, learnt, smelt, spelt, spilt, spoilt.” The regular verb form is more common to AmE: “burned, dreamed, leaned, learned, smelled, spelled, spilled, spoiled.”
“Get.” The Past Participle of the verb “get” is “gotten” in AmE, for example “He’s gotten much better at playing tennis.” In BrE the Past Participle would be “got” as in the example “He’s got much better at playing tennis.”
As you can see, there are really very few differences between standard BrE and standard AmE, the largest difference being probably the choice of vocabulary.
Ø 2) Find more examples of the differences between American and British English.
1.8 RUSSIAN- ENGLISH “FALSE FRIENDS”
Ø 1) What does the title of the article mean?
(1)“False friends” are pairs of words in two languages (e.g. Russian and English) or two dialects of the same language (e.g. British and American English) that look and/or sound similar, but differ in meaning. “False friends” can cause difficulty for students learning foreign languages because students can misidentify the words due to their linguistic similarities. The following words represent only a partial sampling of English and Russian “false friends”:
| Russian word | English translation | English false friend | English meaning | |
| ангина | tonsillitis | angina | severe chest pain | |
| фабрика | factory | fabric | cloth | |
| стул | chair | stool | footstool | |
| конкурс | competition | concourse | coming together | |
| шеф | boss, leader | chef | expert cook | |
| лунатик | sleep-walker | lunatic | insane | |
| магазин | shop, store | magazine | periodical | |
| гимназия | grammar school | gymnasium | sports hall | |
| кабинет | office, study | cabinet | cupboard |
(2)Other Russian-English “false friends” include: “аккуратный” vs. “accurate,” “артист” vs. “artist,” “аудитория” vs. “auditorium,” “декорация” vs. “decoration,” “интеллигентный” vs. “intelligent,” “комплекция” vs. “complexion,” “композитор” vs. “compositor,” “марка” vs. “mark,” “новелла” vs. “novel,” “оператор” vs. “operator,” “проспект” vs. “prospect,” “фамилия” vs. “family,” “физик,” vs. “physique,” and dozens more.
(3)Interestingly, it should be noted that the meaning of the Russian word in many of these “false friend” pairs usually has the same meaning as was ascribed to the original word from which both words were borrowed. Of course, blaming English today for linguistic inconsistency is now useless because these “false friends” will remain false friends and nothing is going to change that.
Ø 2) Give a definition to the word combination “false friends.”
Ø 3) Find English equivalents to the words in commas in the second paragraph.
Ø 4) Make a summary of the article.
CRAZY ENGLISH
Ø 1) Do you agree with the title of the text?
English is crazy. Part of the problem with learning English can be explained by this fact.
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word “misnomer” means the “use of a wrong or inappropriate name” when naming something. In this respect, such words and terms as “driveway” and “parkway,” “eggplant” and “hamburger,” “sweetmeats” and “sweetbreads,” “English muffins” and “French fries,” as well as “boxing ring” and “starfish” are all misnomers.
English is strange. In English people “drive cars on parkways” and “park cars on driveways.” There is no “egg” in eggplant just as there is no “ham” in hamburger. “Sweetmeats” are candies and “sweetbreads” are meats. “English muffins” didn’t come from England nor did “French fries” come from France. And should it not be obvious “boxing rings” are square and “starfish” are not fish at all. And should you now be wondering if “Panama hats” come from Panama, “India ink” from India and “Chinese checkers” from China, the answer is “No.” And lest it go unsaid, these are only a few of the hundreds of misnomers in the English language.
So how did English become so crazy? Some misnomers are holdovers from an earlier time. Such words as “lead pencil,” “tin can,” “steamroller,” and “clothes iron” are all holdovers from the “good old days.” Essentially, old names were retained for convenience. Truly British examples are the well-known “May balls” (evening parties) and “May Bumps” (boat races) hosted by Cambridge University each year. Neither occurs in May but rather in May week which, by the way, is in the second week of June.
Words such as “Kleenex” (in place of “tissue”), “Xerox” (in place of “photocopy”), and “Memory stick” (in place of “flash drive”) are all the result of using well-known product names in place of common generic names.
Sometimes misnomers result from popular misconceptions even though there is scientific evidence to the contrary. “Koala bears” are not actually bears; rather they are marsupials and therefore related to kangaroos. And in that sense, “fireflies” are not flies (they’re beetles) and “palm trees” are not really trees (they’re grass). And just to set the record straight, “shooting stars” are actually meteors, not stars.
Finally, we have a group of misnomers which almost defy explanation. And how is it possible for our nose “to run” and our feet “to smell?” Is it really true that a shipment is “sent by car” while cargo is “sent by ship.” And in what other language could people “recite at a play” and “play at a recital?” Why do they call food servers “waiters,” when it’s the customers who do the waiting? Why do they call them buildings, when they are already built? And why is it called a TV set when you get only one?
Only in English you say that “night falls” but never breaks, and “day breaks” but never falls, and “a slim chance” and “a fat chance” are the same but “a wise man” and “a wise guy” are opposites.
English is a truly amazing language. It’s full of misnomers, paradoxes, and verbal contradictions, yet it is loved by millions. What more can I say? The time has come for me to “wind up” this article … and speaking of time, I’d better “wind up” my watch while I’m at it. And if it hasn’t occurred to you, guess which one means “to finish” and which one means “to start.”
Ø 2) Find the definition of the word “misnomer” in the text.
Ø 3) Translate the words and expressions in commas into Russian.
Ø 4) What is the main idea of the article?
SIMPLIFIED ENGLISH
Ø 1) What does the title of the text imply?
Since English is so wide-spread, people try to construct its simpler varieties, for example:
· Basic English which is simplified for easy international use. Manufacturers and other international businesses tend to write manuals and communicate in Basic English.
· E-Prime in which forms of the verb “to be” are excluded.
· Eurospeak (EuroEnglish) in which foreign realities and non-British concepts are translated into English.
· Manually Coded English which is a representation of the English language with hand signals. These should not be confused with true sign languages such as British Sign Language and American Sign Language used in Anglophone countries, which are independent and not based on English.
· Seaspeak and the related Airspeak and Policespeak, which are all based on restricted vocabularies. They were designed in the 1980s to aid international cooperation and communication in specific areas. There is also Tunnelspeak for the use in the Channel Tunnel.
· Special English which is a simplified version of English used by the Voice of America. It uses a vocabulary of only 1500 words.
Ø 2) Share your opinion on the simplification of a language.