Vocabulary to be used in discussing a scientific publication 4 страница
Darwin's final works include On the Various Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilized by Insects (1862), The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), Insectivorous Plants (1875), The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants (1875), The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom (1876), The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species (1877), The Power of Movement in Plants (1880), and The Formation of the Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms (1881). Darwin's complete works have been edited by Paul H. Barrett and R.B. Freeman for Pickering and Chatto. Darwin's Autobiography, with deleted passages restored by Nora Barlow, remains a classic of scientific biography.
In spite of continuing bouts of poor health, Darwin lived out another decade in his country home in Kent, enjoying being with his family and working on further minor biological projects. When he died in April 1882, there was a remarkable outpouring of tributes from far and wide and the science community in London quickly arranged, with the family's eventual consent, that Darwin be buried in Westminster Abbey, beneath the monument to Newton. Was he not 'the greatest Englishman since Newton'? Had he not given 'exactly the same stir, the same direction, to all that is most characteristic in the intellectual energy of the nineteenth century, as did Locke and Newton in the eighteenth?
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Translate the Sentences into Russian
1. Charles Darwin was one of the most influential and prolific scientists of the nineteenth century.
2. Darwin also studied medicine at Edinburgh from 1825-27.
3. Darwin served as a naturalist aboard H.M.S. Beaglefrom 1831-36, visiting South America and the Pacific islands.
4. Darwin collected specimens and observed variations in related species of birds and animals.
5. Darwin investigated artificial selection in his The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication.
6. Darwin was led to the idea of natural selection by the example of artificial selection of domestic animals in which breeders selected animals for specific desirable traits.
Ex. 2. Answer the following questions.
1. What education did Charles Darwin get?
2. What was the greatest event of his life, lasting from December 1831 to October 1836? Why?
3. When was Darwin’s main work on species published?
4. Where did he present the topic of sexual selection?
5. What are the weak points in Darwin’s theory Descent of Man?
Ex. 3. Choose the statement you think to be correct.
1. Darwin was born
a) in the family of brilliant lawyers
b) in the family of notable doctors
c) in the family of a poor leather worker
2. Darwin suffered from
a) hypochondria
b) cancer
c) tuberculosis
3. In Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication Darwin investigated
a) the structure and distribution of coral reefs
b) artificial selection
c) the physical laws of muscle contraction
Ex. 4. Review the text.
GRAMMAR
Ex. 1. Complete the conversations. Put in the correct form of each verb.
0 A: Are you ready?
B: I won't be a moment. I'm doing (I / do) my hair.
1 A: Could you tell me your address?
B: Well,…………………………….. (I / live) in a friend's house at the moment.
Luckily..........……. .....................(I / find) a place of my own now, but I can't move in until next week.
2 A: Is this your CD?
B: No, it isn't mine………………............(I / think)…………(it / belong) to Peter.
3 A: Can I borrow your calculator, please?
B: Well,…………… (I / use) it to work out these figures at the moment……………….. (I / want) to finish doing them, now that……………… (I / start).
4 A: Why can't you wash your dirty plates sometimes? .................................... (you / leave) them in the sink most of the time.
B: OK, sorry. The last few weeks ................... (I / have) so little time............................(I / rush) around all the time.
Ex. 2. Read the story and write the missing words. Use one word only in each space.
One day a man was (0) walking past a house in Bournemouth when he (1)………………………......a woman's voice shouting for help. The man (2) ...................…………. someone (3) probably trying to murder her. He ran to a phone box and (4) the police. The police came quite quickly, but by now the shouting had (5) . However, the man (6) .........……………………. quite sure that he (7)…………………………… heard cries for help. When the police (8)………………………….. on the door, there was no answer. So they broke down the door and went in. Inside the house was a woman who had just (9)………………………….. out of the shower. She explained to the police that she had (10)…………………………… singing along to the Beatles song 'Help!'.
Ex. 3. Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Begin with the word in brackets.
0 Our trip to Africa was in October. (We ...) We went to Africa in October.
1 We've had ten hours of rain. (It...)
2 It's the right thing to do in my opinion. (I ...)
3 Our sofa is in a different place now. (We ...)
4 It was breakfast-time when Susan rang. (I ...)
5 Their game of badminton is always on Tuesday. (They ...)
Ex. 4. Write the correct answer in each space.
0 This isn't my first visit to London. I've been here before.
a) I'm b) I've been c) I was
1 I've got my key. I found it when................................ for something else.
a) I looked b) I've looked c) I was looking
2 Sorry, I can't stop now. ......................................... to an important meeting.
a) I go b) I'm going c) I've gone
3 I can't get Tessa on the phone......................................... all afternoon.
a) I'm trying b) I try c) I've been trying
4 The bank told me last week there was no money in my account. it all.
a) I'd spent b) I spent c) I was spending
5 There's a new road to the motorway. .......................................... it yesterday.
a) They'd opened b) They opened c) They've opened
Ex. 5. Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If the sentence is correct, put a tick (V). If it is incorrect, cross the unnecessary word out of the sentence and write it in the space.
0 Martin has changed his mind about next weekend. V
0 We were enjoyed the holiday very much. were
1 Nancy is practicing on the piano.
2 It was lucky that we had been decided to buy our tickets in advance.
3 We were riding our bikes when suddenly I was felt a pain in my leg.
4 We are go camping for three weeks every summer.
5 They have planted some new trees last year.
6 I suddenly realized I had been walking in the wrong direction.
7 Did you know that Anna has been won a prize?
8 No one told me that the goods had arrived the week before.
Ex. 6. Read the news report and write the missing words. Use one word only in each space.
The Maxi-Shop company is (0) going to build a huge new shopping centre on the edge of Millingham, it was announced yesterday. There (1)................................. be at least three hundred shops, including some big department stores. When the project (2)…………………………… complete, there (3) be hundreds of new jobs for local people. But not everyone is happy. 'We're (4) to fight this plan,' said a spokesperson for the local Environment Group. We think what is going (5)…………………………….. happen to our countryside. When shopping malls (6)…………………………….. covered the whole country, there (7)………………………………. be no green fields left. So we're (8)………………………………. a protest meeting tomorrow evening at the town hall. It (9)…………………………….. at half past seven.' Owners of shops in the town centre are also unhappy. 'The new centre (10)……………………. ............ take our customers away,' said one of them.
Ex. 7. Look at the answers below and write the correct answer in each space.
0 A: Let's go to the carnival, shall we?
B: Yes, good idea. I expect it'll be fun.
a) it'll be b) it's c) it's being
1 A: Could I have a word with you, please?
B: Sorry, I'm in a big hurry. My train...................................... in fifteen minutes.
a) is going to leave b) leaves c) will leave
2 A: Have you decided about the course?
B: Yes, I decided last weekend. ................................................... for a place.
a) I apply b) I am to apply c) I'm going to apply
3 A: I'm trying to move this cupboard, but it's very heavy.
B: Well, ............................................... you, then.
a) I help b) I'll help c) I'm going to help
4 A: Is the shop open yet?
B: No, but there's someone inside. I think ............................................................
a) it opens b) it's about to open c) it will open
5 A: Do you mind not leaving your papers all over the table?
B: Oh, sorry. I'll take them all with me when ............
a) I go b) I'll go c) I'm going
6 A: It's a public holiday next Monday.
B: Yes, I know. .......................................................... anything special?
a) Are you doing b) Do you do c) Will you do
LISTENING
Before you listen
Discuss these questions with your partner.
1. What does evolution mean?
2. Do you know anything about Charles Darwin?
3. What do you know about natural selection?
Listen to a talk about Darwin. Then decide if the following sentences are true or false, according to the speaker.
1. Darwin wrote two famous books.
2. Darwin's theory was very popular in his time.
3. Differences between fossils and modern animals helped him form the Theory of evolution.
4. Natural selection meant the healthiest specimens would survive.
5. An adaptation was inherited and decreased an organism's chances of survival.
WRITING
A DESCRIPTION OF A FAMOUS PEOPLE
Before you write
Ex. 1. Choose one of the famous biologist to write about and list three or four reasons why you think he \ she deserves the title.
Ex. 2. Now write your entry for the competition. Make sure you develop the topic sentences which start each paragraph. Link your paragraphs with one of these phrases:
THE FIRST POINT: First\ Firstly\ First of all\ My first point\reason is that…
SUBSEQUENT POINTS: Secondly\ Thirdly…\Also…\In addition to this…\Another thing\point\reason is …
THE LAST POINT: Finally\Lastly…\As well as all this…\My final point\reason is that…
UNIT 7
GREGOR MENDEL. GENETICS.
VOCABULARY
Ex. 1. Read and memorize the following words:
• duplicate v воспроизводить, повторять в точности • chain n цепь • creature n существо • variety n разнообразие • notice v замечать • split (split, split) v расщеплять (ся) • join v присоединятся • possess v обладать, владеть • attach v укреплять, присоединять • arise v возникать • match v соответствовать • transmit v переносить • determine] v определять • undergo (underwent, undergone) v подвергаться, • fertilize v оплодотворять • inherit v наследовать • occur [э'кэ;] v случаться, происходить • to be in charge of отвечать за что-л.
Ex. 2. Read the following international words. Translate them:
reason n, fix v, collect v, original a, characteristic n, manufacture, separate v, act v, model n, guide n, pigment n, fragment n
Ex. 3. Read correctly the following terms:
chromatin n, chromosome n, gene n, cytoplasm n, ribosome n, melanin n, tyrosinase n, mutation n, mutant.
Ex. 4. Match these words with their definitions.
| A changed | 1 blend |
| В children | 2 altered |
| С combine | 3 hypotheses |
| D theories | 4 ratio |
| E relative amount | 5 offspring |
| F element | 6 successive |
| G think of | 7 particle |
| H find | 8 trace |
| I following | 9 come up with |
Ex. 5. Check you understand the key words.
genetics, inheritance, anatomic, notional, chromosomes, DNA, proteins, genes, genome, ethical, cloning, relativity
Ex. 6. Read the following words of the same root. Determine the part of speech they belong to. Guess their meaning:
a) create, creation, creator, creative, creatively, creature;
b) origin, originate, original, originally, originality.
Ex. 7. Form the nouns from the following verbs with the help of the suffix -ion/-ation. Read and translate them into Russian. Mind the stress in the derivatives:
Model: react v + -ion - reaction n
реагировать реакция
determine v + -ation - determination n
определять определение
dictate, collect, create, originate, separate, form;
Ex. 8. Choose the antonyms of the following words. Translate them:
a) to attach, to arise, to survive, to join, to inherit, to put together, variety, perfect
b) to disjoin, to die, to detach, to take apart, monotony, to disinherit, imperfect, to disappear
TEXT 1
Before you read
Discuss these questions with your partner.
1. Do you have plants at home?
2. Do you have a kitchen garden?
3. What do you know about selection of plants?
4. Have you ever conducted an experiment?
GREGOR MENDEL
Gregor Mendel was born on 20th July, 1822, and died on 6th January, 1884. He was a biologist and botanist whose scientific research showed that inheritance process according to certain scientific laws.
Mendel was a brilliant student and his family encouraged him to study, but they were very poor so Mendel entered a monastery in 1843. There he taught Mathematics, Physics and Greek to high school students. Eight years later, in 1851, the monastery sent him to the University of Vienna where he was able to continue his education. In 1853, he returned to the monastery and began teaching and researching again.
Mendel's theories of heredity based on his work with pea plants are well known to students of Biology. But his findings were so different from the accepted views on heredity at the time that his work was ignored until long after his death. His paper, Experiments in Plant Hybridisation, in which he described how traits were inherited, has become one of the most influential publications in the history of science.
Mendel was the first person to trace the characteristics of successive generations of an organism. In Mendel's day, a number of hypotheses had been suggested to explain heredity. The most popular one was the so-called blending theory. According to this theory, inherited traits blended from generation to generation. For instance, a red rose crossed with a white rose would, over time, produce a pink rose. Another theory put forward by Charles Darwin was called pangenesis. This stated that there were hereditary particles in our bodies, and that these particles were affected by our actions. The altered particles could be inherited by the next generation. These theories were disproved by Mendel.
The first thing he noticed when he began his experiments was that traits were inherited in certain numerical ratios. This observation led him to come up with the idea of the dominance of genes and he tested it in peas. For seven years he crossed thousands of plants to prove the Laws of Inheritance. From his experiments, Mendel developed the basic laws of heredity. Those laws are the following: that traits do not combine, but are passed whole from generation to generation (which disproved the blending theory and Darwin's theory); each member of the parental generation passes on only half of its hereditary information to each offspring (with certain traits dominant over others); and different offspring of the same parents receive different sets of hereditary information.
Mendel's research formed the beginnings of the modern science of genetics. Genetic theory has had a huge impact on our lives. Many diseases, for example haemophilia, are known to be inherited, and family histories can be traced to determine the probability of passing on a hereditary disease. Scientists can now design plants that are easier to grow, or which can produce more food. This practical side of the results of Mendel's research is being used to improve the way we live.
TEXT 2
GENETICS
Genetics is the science of inheritance. It studies the cells and the anatomical and functional characteristics transmitted from parents to children.
A cell is an intelligent organism made from atoms. We are made from more than sixty billion cells. There are cells to make bones, muscles, blood and so on. In the nucleus of every cell there are twenty-three pairs of chromosomes,half of them are from the mother and the other half are from the father. Chromosomes are made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and protein. Each chromosome contains many genes in its DNA. The DNA carries the instructions to construct a human being.
Each species has its own set of genes. The different combinations of genes determine the characteristics of each individual. With the exception of identical twins, nobody in the world has the same combination of genes and this is what makes everyone a unique individual. What all humans do have in common is the genome, that is, we all have the same number of chromosomes and the same genetic material. There are no superior or inferior genes.
Genetic manipulation refers to human intervention in the design or function of the cells. Many people oppose it. They argue that the main problem is that man can be both a master and a monster. At an institute of pharmaceutical engineering in Virginia, USA, scientists injected pigs with a human gene that produces a protein called Factor VIII. This protein makes the blood thicker and helps patients with hemophilia. The fourth generation of these pigs will possibly produce enough Factor VIII in their milk to supply the world's demand. On the other hand, through genetic manipulation people could select spermatozoids and decide the sex of their future babies. This alters the course of nature and for many people it has ethical implications.
Cloning is another important topic. From a few cells scientists can produce cartilage. This will probably soon help people who don’t have a part of their face, like an ear, after an accident. But in the future we could clone and manipulate people.
Our problem is always the same. People disagree about what is ethical and what is not.
COMPRIHENSION
Ex. 1. Read text 1 and choose the best title for each paragraph. There is one title which you do not need to use.
| PARAGRAPH 1 ……….. PARAGRAPH 2………… PARAGRAPH 3 ………... PARAGRAPH 4 ………... PARAGRAPH 5 ……….. PARAGRAPH 6 ……….. | A The experiment В His studies С Genetics today D A modern science E An important paper F Different theories G Gregor Mendel, the scientist |
Ex. 2. Read text 2 carefully, and then answer the multiple choice questions.
1. In the nucleus of every cell there are
a) 46 chromosomes
b) 50 chromosomes
c) 54 chromosomes
2. The characteristics of each individual depend on
a) the combination the genes
b) the genome
c) the chromosome
3. Which of the following best describes genetic manipulation?
a) heart transplant
b) cloning
c) plastic surgery
Ex. 3. Translate the Sentences into Russian.
1. His scientific research showed that inheritance proceeds according to certain scientific laws.
2. Mendel's theories of heredity based on his work with pea plants are well known to students of Biology.
3. Inherited traits blended from generation to generation.
4. Traits were inherited in certain numerical ratios.
5. This observation led him to come up with the idea of the dominance of genes and he tested it in peas.
6. Mendel's research formed the beginnings of the modern science of genetics.
Ex. 4. Discuss these questions with your partner.
1. How are characteristics passed on from generation to generation?
2. How does modern science change this? Why?
Ex. 5. Review the text.
SPEAKING
Ex. 1. Debate on advantages and disadvantages of genetic manipulation. Use the following information as a guide.
Advantages
- Restore some parts of your body
- Can help to treat an illness
- Choose future baby’s sex
Disadvantages
- Expensive
- Can produce population imbalance
Example:
Student A: Genetic manipulation can restore some parts of your body.
Student B: Yes, but it’s very expensive. Only rich people can do that.
Ex. 2. Prepare a short presentation on the topic: 'Theories of inheritance'.
Talk about:
• Mendel's theory
• Mendel's experiment
• theories that were disproved
• cells, chromosomes and genes
First complete these notes.
Use them in your presentation.
Mendel's theory: Mendel stated that…………………….
Mendel's experiment: Mendel conducted experiments on………………………
Disproved theories: The theories that Mendel disproved were……………………
and……………………………………… .
What are cells? How is genetic information passed on?
Remember to:
§ read the texts carefully
§ underline the parts containing the information you need
§ use your own words; do not copy everything from the texts
§ stick to the point
Speaking tips
· Refer to your notes.
· Do not read out a long monologue.
· Express yourself clearly and concisely.
GRAMMAR
Ex. 1. Rewrite these sentences beginning with the underlined words.
0 Thieves robbed a woman.
A woman was robbed.
1 They may ban the film.
2 They offered Nancy a pay increase.
3 We need to correct the mistakes.
4 Someone reported that the situation was under control.
5 They are testing the new drug.
6 We haven't used the machine for ages.
Ex. 2. Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in brackets.
0 We have to test these products, (be)
These products have to be tested.
1 Pavarotti sang the song, (by)
2 Nigel's passport was stolen, (had)
3 They pay doctors a lot of money, (are)
4 I hope they'll interview me for the job. (to)
5 Someone was cleaning the floor, (being)
6 A mechanic is repairing Judy's car. (having)
7 Tessa lost her way. (got)
8 Everyone agreed that the plan should go ahead, (it)
9 When did they decorate your kitchen? (get)
10 They say exercise is good for you. (be)
Ex. 3. Which of the two sentences follows on best?
0 There's going to be a big art exhibition.
a) A lot of visitors will be attracted to it.
b) It will attract a lot of visitors.
1 Our neighbours have got a cat and a dog.
a)A lot of mice are caught by the cat.
b) The cat catches a lot of mice.
2 Last night Martin dreamt he saw his dead grandmother.
a) A white dress was being worn by the ghost,
b) The ghost was wearing a white dress.
3 We've bought a new computer.
a) It can do the job much more quickly,
b) The job can be done much more quickly.
4 My grandfather is very ill.
a) He's being looked after in the local hospital,
b) b) The local hospital is looking after him.
5 We've completed the experiment.
a) The newspapers will publish the results,
b) The results will be published in the newspapers.
LISTENING
Listen to two students discussing their homework. Then answer the questions by writing one or two words in each gap.
1. They will both write a report for their……………..class.
2. The boy may write about…………………………….. .
3. It is now possible for scientists to change information in……………….. .
4. …………….watermelons have been produced by scientists in their labs.
5. Scientists can use this new technology to produce more …………… .
6. Plants can be genetically engineered to make…………………….. .
WRITING
Write a letter to a science museum applying for a part-time job. Use these notes to help you.
Dear (Sir/Madam),
Writing to apply for a job:
I am writing to apply for the position of…………………………….
Why you would be suitable: interested in science (physics, biology, your own ideas):
I believe I would be suitable for the position because ……………………………..
Intend to study Science at university:
It is my intention to study Science at university, and I believe this will…………………………..
Previous work experience: (laboratory / library / your own ideas)
I (have) worked in a....................... for………………..years/months.
Say you are available for an interview:
I am available for an interview.......
Yours faithfully,
(your full name: first name + surname)
Write 100-140 words.
UNIT 8
CLONNING
VOCABULARY
Ex. 1. Match these words with their synonyms and antonyms.
Words
1. endanger
2. extract
3. unique
4. extinction
5. replica
6. particular
7. identical
8. create
9. latest
10. brilliant
11. improve
12. move ahead
Synonyms
1. recent
2. make better
3. progress
4. same
5. intelligent
6. make
7. copy
8. special
9. take out
10. threaten
11. death
12. exclusive
Antonyms
1. survival
2. original
3. protect
4. insert
5. general
6. common
7. fall behind
8. destroy
9. different
10. stupid
11. make worse
12. old
READING
Before you read
Ex. 1. Discuss these questions with your partner.
1. Do you know anything about genetic engineering?
2. Do you buy genetically modified food?
3. Would you like to clone something or someone?