The Political System of the USA.

The United States is a parliamentary republic. It is a democracy. The people rule the country through the representatives they elect. The United States has a federal system. There are fifty states in the USA. Each state has its own government and there is a federal or national government. Each state has its own constitution and can collect taxes. But only the national government can print money. The Constitution which was written in 1787 sets the basic form of national government: it has three branches ― legislative, executive and judiciary.

Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government, is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Congress makes all laws, and each house of Congress has the power to support or reject a bill offered by the other. When they both pass a bill on which they agree, it is sent to the president for his signature. Only after that a bill becomes a law. The members of the House of Representatives are elected for two years, and one-third of the Senators are elected every two years for six-year terms of office. Each state, regardless of the population, has two senators, while the House of Representatives has more members from more populated states. There 100 senators and 435 representatives. The number of the representatives from each state depends on the size of the state's population.

The president of the USA is elected every four years to a four-year term of office, with no more than two full terms allowed. The President (and his administration) is the chief of the executive branch and also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The executive branch administers the laws. This branch consists of departaments and agencies. The US President is elected for 4-year term. The US President commands the armed forces, conducts foreign affairs, and recommends laws to the Congress. The first president of the USA was George Washington. At present the USA is headed by the 44th president of the USA, Barack Obama, the leader of the Democratic Party. The next presidential election will be held in 2012.

The judiciary branch is represented by the Supreme Court and federal courts at the national level. The US Supreme Court has nine members. They are Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices. The judiciary branch interests the laws and makes sure that new laws are in keeping with the Constitution.

There is one more very important part of the American political scene ― the political parties. Today the United States has two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Both these parties have supporters among a wide variety of Americans. There are other smaller parties in the US, but none of them has enough popular support to win a presidential election.

Grammar: Past Simple.

PAST INDEFINITE/SIMPLE ACTIVE
РОЗПОВІДНЕ СТВЕРДЖУВАЛЬНЕ РЕЧЕННЯ
1. Усі правильні дієслова:закінчення-ED.
Ос. \ Числ. Однина Множина
I I planted WE planted
II YOUplanted YOUplanted
III S/HE, ITplanted THEYplanted
→ -пригол. + Y + -ED → -IED: try – tried.
→ -голосн. + Y + -ED → -YD: played, prayed.
→ Кінцева -Е опускається + -ED: live– lived, continue – continued…
→ Кінцева приголосна після короткої наголошеної голосної подвоюється:stop – stopped,mop – mopped, grab – grabbed…
→ Подвоєння кінцевої -L після короткої голосної:travel– travelled, control– controlled… NB! Appeal – appealed, trouble – troubled, giggle – giggled, nail – nailed, jail– jailed, oil- oiled…
2. Усі неправильні дієслова: ІІ форма неправ. дієслів.
Ос. \ Числ. Однина Множина
I I saw, bought… WE saw, bought…
II YOU(ти/ви)saw, bought… YOU(ви) saw, bought…
III S/HE, IT saw, bought… THEY saw, bought…
3. Дієслово TO BE (бути): WAS/WERE.
Ос. \ Числ. Однина Множина
I I WAS (був) a boy WE WERE(були) boys
II YOU WERE (був) a boy YOU WERE (були) boys
III S/HE (IT) WAS(був/-ла/-о) a boy THEY WERE (були) boys
4. Дієслово TO HAVE (мати): HAD.
I (you, s/he/it, we, they) — HAD a ball.
5. Модальні дієслова + дієсловo з нульовим закінченням (без -ED):
I could sing/he could sing/she might come in/you had togo...
РОЗПОВІДНЕ ЗАПЕРЕЧНЕ РЕЧЕННЯ
1. Усі дієслова і TO HAVE: DID + NOT + присудок (без -ED / I ф. дієсл.).
I did not/didn't swim/buy, we didn'tswim/buy, you didn't swim/buy, you didn't swim/buy, s/he didn'tswim/buy, they didn'tswim/buy. I didn't have it, she didn't haveit.
2. Дієслово TO BE (бути): WAS/WERE + NOT.
I WAS NOT/WASN'T a friend, we WEREN'T friends, you WERE NOT/WEREN'T a friend, you WEREN'Tfriends, s/he WAS NOT/WASN'Ta friend, they WEREN'Tfriends.
3. Модальні дієслова: COULD, MIGHT… + NOT; DID NOT HAVE TO…
I could not/couldn't swim, he couldn't go, she might not come in, you did not have to/didn't have to do that.
ПИТАЛЬНЕ РЕЧЕННЯ
1. Усі дієслова і TO HAVE: DID + підмет + присудок (без -ED / I ф. дієсл.).
Did you/s/he/it/we/they swim? Did you have it?
2. Дієслово TO BE (бути): вихід на перше місце.
WAS I/s/he/it a friend? WERE we/we/they friends?
3. Модальні дієслова: вихід на перше місце.
Couldyou swim? Might she come in? NB! DidI have to go?
NB! Заперечне питальне речення: Didyounot swim?/Didn't you swim? Washe notyour friend?/Wasn'the your friend? Had she not a ball?/Hadn'tshe a ball?/Did she not have a ball?/Didn't she have a ball? Mustwe not talk to him?/Mustn'twe talk to him?
TIME EXPRESSIONS (обставини часу)― В КІНЦІ/НА ПОЧАТКУ РЕЧ: yesterday, the other day (на днях), on Sunday, in 1980, last year, last winter, last time, an hour ago, two days ago, a month ago, long ago (давно), regularly/frequently in the past.
           

IRREGULAR VERBS (неправильні дієслова)

Be 46 Bear 43 Beat 24 Become 2 Begin 9 Blow 37 Break 30 Bring 66 Build 60 Buy 67 Catch 68 Choose 35 Come 1 Cost 72 Cut 73 Do 18 Draw 38 Dream 54 Drink 10 Drive 19 Eat 25 Fall 36 Feel 55 Fight 69 Find 15 Fly 39 Forget 29 Forgive 22 Freeze 27 Get 4 Give 23 Go 47 Grow 40 Have 48 Hear 50 Hit 74 Know 41 Lay 53 Learn 56 Leave 57 Lie 45 Light 7 Lose 65 Make 49 Meet 14 Mistake 31 Pay 51 Put 75 Read 76 Ring 11 Rise 20 Run 3 Say 52 See 26 Sell 63 Send 61 Shake 32 Shine 16 Show 42 Sing 12 Sit 8 Sleep 58 Smell 59 Speak 28 Spend 62 Stand 5 Shut 77 Swim 13 Take 33 Teach 70 Tell 64 Think 71 Understand 6 Wake 34 Wear 44 Win 17 Write 21
INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE ПЕРЕКЛАД
1. Чергування голосних кореня:
1. come came come приходити
2. become became become ставати
3. run ran run бігти
4. get got got отримувати
5. stand stood stood стояти
6. understand understood understood розуміти
7. light lit lit засвітити
8. sit sat sat сидіти
9. begin began begun починати
10. drink drank drunk пити
11. ring rang rung дзвонити
12. sing sang sung співати
13. swim swam swum плавати
14. meet met met зустрічатися
15. find found found знаходити
16. shine shone shone сяяти
17. win won won перемагати
2. Чергування голосних і додавання закінчення –n(e)або -en у формі дієприкметника минулого часу:
18. do did done робити
19. drive drove driven водити (авто)
20. rise rose risen підніматися
21. write wrote written писати
22. forgive forgave forgiven прощати
23. give gave given давати
24. beat beat beaten бити
25. eat ate eaten їсти
26. see saw seen бачити
27. freeze froze frozen замерзати
28. speak spoke spoken говорити
29. forget forgot forgotten забувати
30. break broke broken ламати
31. mistake mistook mistaken помилятися
32. shake shook shaken трясти
33. take took taken брати
34. wake woke waken прокидатися, будити
35. choose chose chosen вибирати
36. fall fell fallen падати
37. blow blew blown дути
38. draw drew drawn малювати
39. fly flew flown літати
40. grow grew grown рости
41. know knew known знати
42. show showed shown показувати
43. bear bore borne народжувати
44. wear wore worn носити
45. lie lay lain лежати
3. Від різних коренів:
46. be was/were been бути
47. go went gone йти
4. Додавання закінчення -tабо -dу формі минулого неозначеного часу і дієприкметника минулого часу без зміни або із зміною кореневої голосної і кінцевої приголосної інфінітива:
48. have had had мати
49. make made made робити
50. hear heard heard чути
51. pay paid paid платити
52. say [seI] said [sed] said[sed] казати
53. lay laid laid класти
54. dream dreamt/-ed dreamt/-ed мріяти, спати
55. feel felt felt відчувати
56. learn learnt learnt вчити
57. leave left left залишати
58. sleep slept slept спати
59. smell smelt smelt нюхати, пахнути
60. build built built будувати
61. send sent sent відправляти
62. spend spent spent проводити, витрачати
63. sell sold sold продавати
64. tell told told говорити
65. lose lost lost губити
66. bring brought brought приносити
67. buy bought bought купувати
68. catch caught caught ловити
69. fight fought fought боротися
70. teach taught taught навчати
71. think thought thought думати
5. Без будь-якої зміни основи інфінітива (незмінні дієслова):
72. cost cost cost коштувати
73. cut cut cut різати
74. hit hit hit ударяти
75. put put put класти
76. read [ri:d] read[red] read[red] читати
77. shut shut shut зачиняти

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