Choose from the paragraph A-H the one which fits each gap 1-8. The first letter is given

A. But whether or not

B. Finally,

C. Where they differ

D. When the economy needs

E. But why conservatives

F. Thus, it seems like

G. But yet,

H. Then there's the

Government Consumption versus Government Investment.

1) W______ short-term demand stimulus, as it does now, that stimulus can come from spending on infrastructure, i.e. government investment, or it could be from expenditures on something with little long-run benefit such as large fireworks shows held throughout the nation - big extravagant events that spend millions and millions of dollars in the most depressed economic areas (government consumption). In the short-run the goal is to kick start the economy, and a fireworks show is just as good at that task as infrastructure spending if the spending is approximately the same.

2) W_____ is in the long-run. The firework show leaves only memories - and sometimes that's enough to justify an expenditure - but let's assume that for the most part the shows were nothing more than an excuse to spend money to get the local economies moving (not that there's anything wrong with that; also, perhaps a series of shows would be better so that the impulse is spread out over time and sustains the economy through the downturn, but the idea is the same). However, infrastructure spending does have long-run benefits and can help the economy grow faster.

3) T_______ infrastructure spending is the obvious choice, since it has both short-run and long-run benefits. But there is a further consideration, how fast each type of spending can be put into place. If a "fireworks show" can be put into place very fast, while it takes far longer to get infrastructure spending going, then policy should be a combination of spending that hits the economy right away (government consumption) and spending that hits a bit later, has long-lasting effects, and promotes future growth (government investment).

4) T________ politics. Conservatives often oppose government consumption (e.g. by arguing the multiplier is zero even in depressed economies, by arguing that tax cuts that allow the private sector to spend are more efficient than government spending, or arguing that our debt is too high to spend any more).

5) B________ have gotten away with opposing infrastructure spending to lift the economy. Infrastructure spending is inherently a supply-side policy, both sides acknowledge that, or should, and some of us believe it also short-run demand effects that are also helpful.

6) B________ infrastructure spending impacts aggregate demand, it seems pretty clear given the state of our infrastructure that the benefits of this spending just in terms of the long-run effects more than cover the costs. And the argument that the private sector does it better doesn't hold since most of this spending is on public goods the private sector will not provide in sufficient quantities if it provides them at all.

7) F_______ we can afford to borrow today to fund investment projects that have long-run benefits that exceed the costs.

8) B________ here we are with an unemployment crisis, a huge output gap, and big infrastructure needs, while Congress sits on its hands because conservatives will not agree to fund infrastructure, let alone government consumption spending.

Work in groups and support or refute the following statement: «Silicon Valley wouldn't exist without massive government spending and in fact initiative».

Work in pairs. Student A is an interviewer. Student B is an expert in public finance. Act out a dialogue on the Government expenditures

12. Prepare a report in the form of a presentation on one of the following topics:

1.Government waste

2.Mandatory spending

3.Government spending on science and technology

4.Perverse subsidies

Fill in the table. Search the Internet for figures of Government spending in 2016 year. Be ready to comment upon the found information.

States Main areas of Government spending	The Russian Federation	The UK	The US
1.Pensions
2.Health
3.Education
4.Debt interest
5.Defence

Write the summary of the text (250 words). Use the active vocabulary of the unit.

To write a summary, use your own words to express briefly the main idea and relevant details of the piece you have read. What was it about and what did the author want to communicate?

Translate into English.

1.Государственные расходы в процентах от ВВП - это простой показатель, который используется по всему миру.

2.У Соединенных Штатов государственные расходы в процентах от ВВП средние.

3.Греция и Испания часто упоминают как страны, имеющие наибольшие проблемы с государственным долгом.

4.Экономисты в целом согласятся с тем, что государственные расходы становятся бременем в какой-то момент.

5.Текущие государственные расходы - это расходы на заработную плату и сырье.

6.Капитальные расходы являются долгосрочными - это расходы на социальные нужды.

7.Чтобы помочь добиться увеличения совокупного спроса и экономической активности, правительство должно вливать дополнительные расходы в экономику.

8.Консерваторы часто выступают против дополнительных государственных расходов

9.Расходы на инфраструктуру имеют долгосрочные выгоды и могут помочь экономике расти быстрее.

10.Экономика Болгарии демонстрирует отсутствие какой-либо связи между качеством инвестиций и государственными расходами в процентах от ВВП.