Vocabulary to be used in discussing a scientific publication 2 страница
................ is about …………………………………………
................ is about…………………………………………
Molecular biology is about...... …………………………….is about inheritance.
Biologists work in ............... , and………………………………………………
In conclusion, biology is about………………………………………………. .
GRAMMAR
Ex. 1. Complete this true story. Put in a/an or the.
A man decided to rob (1) ................... bank in the town where he lived. He walked into (2) bank and handed (3) .................. note to one of (4).................... cashiers. (5)…………….. cashier read (6)…………… .. note, which told her to give (7)...………….. man some money. Afraid that he might have (8)…………… gun, she did as she was told. (9) ................... man then walked out of (10)…………….. building, leaving (11)...................note behind. However, he had no time to spend (12)……………….money because he was arrested (13) .................. same day. He had made (14) ................ mistake. He had written (15)................... note on (16).................... back of (17)………………. envelope. And on (18) .................. other side of (19).............. envelope was his name and address. This clue was quite enough for (20).................. detectives on the case.
Ex.2. Complete the conversations. Put in a/an or the.
Laura: Look outside. The sky is getting very dark.
Trevor: I hope there isn't going to be a storm.
1 Mike: I'm going out for ................... walk. Have you seen my shoes?
Harriet: Yes, they're on .................... floor in ................... kitchen.
2 Melanie: Would you like.................... tomato? There's one in .................. fridge.
David: Oh, yes, please. I'll make myself .................... cheese and tomato sandwich.
3 Sarah: If you're going into ..............city centre, can you post these letters for me?
Mark: Yes, I'll take them to ...................main post office.
4 Rita: I've got ........... problem with my phone bill. Can I see someone about it?
Receptionist: Yes, go to ................... fifth floor .................lift is along the corridor.
5 Tom: I didn't know Melanie had.................... dog.
David: It isn't hers. She's just taking it for a walk while ...................owner is away.
6 Vicky: I've got ................... headache. I've had it all day.
Rachel: Why don't you go to ....................health centre? It's open until six.
Ex. 3. How much do you know about geography? Put in these names: Andes, Brussels, Irish Republic, Italy, Lake Michigan, River Nile, North, Pennsylvania, Tasmania, United Kingdom, West Indies. Decide if you need the.
1. Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania.
2. Dublin is in the Irish Republic.
3. Chicago lies on the shore of .....................................................................
4. Sicily is a part of........................................................................................
5. ......................................................are a mountain range in South America.
6. ………………………is England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
7. ...........................................................is an island to the south of Australia.
8. Jamaica is an island in.................................................................................
9. ………………………………………………….. …flows through Egypt.
10. ......................................................................... …is the capital of Belgium.
11. Manchester is in......................................................................... of England.
Ex. 5. Complete the story about the theft of a river barge. Put in a, an, one or the.
This is a true story about (1) .................... man who chose (2)......................worst possible time for his crime. It happened in London in (3) ................. summer of 1972. (4) ............... man stole a barge on (5)... .. River Thames (in case you don't know, (6)…………….. barge is a river boat used for carrying goods). (7) .................... owner of (8) ...........…….. barge soon discovered that it was missing and immediately informed (9) .................... police so that they could look for it. Normally (10)…………… river is quite (11) .....................busy place, and it would be difficult to find what you were looking for. On this day, however, there was (12) ...................dock strike, and so there was only (13)…………barge on (14) ................ river. (15) ...................thief was quickly found and arrested.
Ex. 5. Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If the sentence is correct, put a tick {V). If it is incorrect, cross the unnecessary word out of the sentence and write it in the space.
1. The space capsule came down in the Pacific. V
2. My new job starts in the April. the
3. I was so tired I went to bed at nine.
4. We had a very good lunch in the company canteen.
5. The life just isn't fair sometimes.
6. What the clever children you have!
7. We went out and bought some pictures.
8. Tessa was still working at the midnight.
9. I drive past the hospital every morning.
10. A one boy was much taller than all the others.
LISTENING
Before you listen
Discuss these questions with your partner.
1. How many mammals can you name? Name as many mammals as you can.
2. How many insects can you name?
3. Can you name living things that you can only see under a microscope?
4. What do you know about protozoa such as amoebas?
Ex.1. Listen to this class discussion about protozoa and correct the following statements.
1. The word protozoa means microorganisms.
2. One of protozoa’s ecological functions is to produce bacteria.
3. Paramecium have a simple internal organisation and a fixed shape.
4. All protozoa are parasites and live in humans or animals.
5. Protozoa can only feed by taking in nutrients through the cell mouth.
WRITING
Write a letter to your tutor telling him or her which areas of Biology you would like to specialise in and why. Use these notes to help you.
Dear Mr / Mrs (tutor’s surname),
Writing to tell you choices I have made
Specialise in: (one or two of the main areas)
Reasons for choosing: interested in (plants animals / laboratory work / latest ideas / your own ideas)
Possible career choices: what I hope to do when I graduate (medicine / ecology / agriculture / your own idea)
Offer to meet and discuss choices: I would lie your advice and hope we can ...
Yours sincerely,
(your full name: first name + surname)
Write 100-140 words.
UNIT 3
LIFE ORIGIN
VOCABULARY
Ex. 1. Find the Russian equivalents for the following:
to compel, account, to evolve, prevalent, dilemma, to touch, protein, gene, to imply, realm, universe, emerge.
Ex. 2. Find the English equivalents to the following:
сталкиваться с таинством, быть непреодолимой загадкой, выражать мнение, составить мнение, развиваться (эволюционировать), объяснение, научная фантастика, разумное существо, распространенная теория, возникать в результате, совпадать, образовываться или присоединяться, подвергаться мутации, живое состояние материи, широкое распространение, подразумевать (допускать).
READING
TEXT
HOW DID LIFE BEGIN?
Scientists face many mysteries, but there is none so compelling as the mystery of how life on Earth began. The great religions have their own accounts of Creation (it has been done by the God and it took him seven days, according to the Bible, to create the world), but scientists have never able to construct a complete account of the way and moment when dead molecules came together to form organisms that could feed, grow, reproduce and evolve. Nevertheless recent work has suggested some promising theories.
Some new explanations are associated with science fiction. Astronomers Ered Hoyle and N.C. Wickramasinghe suppose that organic molecules fell to the Earth from comets - and indeed meteorites containing organic substances have been found. Biologists Francis Crick and Leslie Qrgel think that Earth might have been seeded with life by some intelligent beings from advanced planets.
The more prevalent theories, however, do not depend on extraterrestrial intervention. They fall into two main categories the view that life began almost as soon as Еarth formed, and the view that life emerged in the result of some chemical reactions in the prehistoric oceans on Earth.
At a symposium chemist Carl Woese of the University of Illinois suggested that life on Earth coincided with the birth of the planet. To his mind, dusty water droplets could have collected the chemicals that rapidly evolved into life. Other chemists think creation took millions of years. Earth began with an atmosphere containing almost no oxygen, but mostly water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide and ammonia. It is simple to make prelife molecules with these gases, suppose Stanley Miller and Harold Urey of the university of Chicago. Chemist Sidney Fox of the University of Miami thinks life began with a protein droplet, perhaps on a volcano.
However the elements of life formed or joined, the more fundamental question goes deeper than chemistry. Theories face a chicken-and-egg dilemma: which came first, an isolated bag of proteins or a naked gene. The question touches the definition of life: is the key feature of life the ability to eat and grow, as proteins do, or to reproduce and evolve, as genes do?
Most scientists, however, believe that the essence of life is evolution, which requires genes. Genes make exact copies of themselves and undergo the mutations and natural selection that produce higher and higher organisms. Among these scientists are Leslie Orgel of the Salk Institute, A.I. Oparin, Russian biochemist. In his book "The Origin of Life" A.I. Oparin wrote:" The origin of life was a transmition from organic to biological chemistry, from lifeless to living matter, from the inanimate to animate realm of nature". According to his theory life arose on earth because of the widespread distribution of carbon, an element with an exceptional tendency to combine with other substances.
All these theories imply that if it happened here, it could happen elsewhere in the universe.
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Answer the following questions:
1. What kind of mystery scientists face is the most compelling?
2. What is the great religions[1] point of -view on the problem?
3. What explanations are associated with science fiction?
4. What about the more prevalent theories, what categories do they fall in?
5. What is the essence of these theories?
6. What is the most fundamental question scientist decide?
7. What do most scientist believe?
8. What did A.I. Oparin write in his book on the problem?
9. Why carbon is considered the most important element in the process of life's origin?
10. All these theories imply that life could originate elsewhere in the universe, don't they?
Ex. 2. Translate the Sentences into Russian
1. There is none so compelling as the mystery of how life on Earth began.
2. Some new explanations are associated with science fiction.
3. Life on Earth coincided with the birth of the planet.
4. Life began with a protein droplet, perhaps on a volcano.
5. The question touches the definition of life.
6. The origin of life was a transmition from organic to biological chemistry, from lifeless to living matter, from the inanimate to animate realm of nature.
7. It has been done by the God and it took him seven days, according to the Bible.
Ex. 3. Give a talk on the origin of life on Earth.
GRAMMAR
Ex. 1. Write the comparative form of the words in brackets.
They've made these chocolate bars smaller (small).
Sport is more interesting (interesting) than politics.
1 Can't you think of anything ........................................ (intelligent) to say?
2 Well, the place looks...............................................(clean) now.
3 Janet looks ……………………………… (thin) than she did.
4 You need to draw it…………………. .................. (carefully).
5 The weather is getting ............................................. (bad).
6 The programme will be shown at a ........................................... (late) date.
7 I can't stay ........................................(long) than half an hour.
8 A mobile phone would be a ...................................... (useful) present.
9 I'll try to finish the job ....................................... (soon).
10 It was ……………………………… (busy) than usual in town today.
Ex. 2.Write the superlative form of the words in brackets.
0 It's the shortest (short) day of the year.
0 It's the most beautiful (beautiful) building in the world.
1 That was the............................................... (funny) film I've ever seen.
2 It was the ……………. ........................ (horrible) feeling I've ever had.
3 Have you read her ………. ................................ (recent) book?
4 It's the .......................................... (large) company in the country.
5 It was the ……………………………….(boring) speech I've ever heard.
6 You've got the ..................................... (far) to travel.
Ex. 3. Read this part of Tessa's letter to her friend Angela about her new job. Then look at the answers after the letter and write the correct answer in each space.
My new job is great. I like it (0) much better than my old one. The people here are (1) ………………than I expected. Luckily my new boss isn't as rude (2) …………………my old boss, Mrs. Crossley, was. I hated her. She was the (3) ………………… friendly person I've ever met. Everyone here is older (4)…………… . In fact I'm the youngest person (5)………… the office. But I don't mind.
The good thing about the job is that I get a (6)………………more money, although not much more than I did before. The bad thing is that the journey isn't (7)………… simple as it was in my old job, where the bus took me straight there. Now I have to change buses. But I'm allowed to start work early. The earlier I leave home, (8) ................… the journey is because the buses aren't so crowded.
0 a) more b) most c) much d) very
1 a) more nice b) most nice c) nicer d) nicest
2 a) as b) so c) than d) that
3 a) least b) less c) less and less d) so
4 a) as I b) as me c) than I d) than me
5 a) from b) in c) of d) out of
6 a) bit b) less c) lot d) much
7 a) as b) less c) more d) same
8 a) more easier b) more easy c) the easier d) the easy
LISTENING
Before you listen
Discuss these questions with your partner.
- What is extinction?
- Give examples of extinct animals.
- Do you know of any animals that are in danger of becoming extinct?
- How can they be saved?
Listen to the extract from a lecture about immunisation. Then listen again and fill in the gaps in the typescript.
Historically, being immunised against diseases is a relatively new thing but that doesn’t mean the idea hadn’t been thought of before. If we go as far back as 429 BC, the historian Thucydides noted that after a (1)…………... plague in Athens, those who survived did not become infected again. This was at a time before there was even recognition of such things as (2)…………………… and viruses.
Nowadays, we take it for granted that we will be vaccinated and avoid diseases like polio but how many of us actually stop to ask ourselves what is behind the (3)………
we have? How does vaccination work? Basically, it is the process by which a person is exposed, that is, made open to an agent so that his or her immune system develops against that agent. The immune system makes antibodies which fight against infection.
Once the human immune system is exposed to a disease, it is able to act against any future infection. Vaccination exposes a person to an immunogen - something which helps develop immunity - in a controlled way by using a (4)……………. dose so he or she doesn’t become ill while being immunised.
The good thing about a vaccination programme is that it can limit the spread of a disease among a population, reducing the risk for people who have not been vaccinated so we have something which is known as herd (5)………………….. . That means when the number of non-immune people has dropped to a certain level, the disease will disappear from the whole population. This is how nowadays we have achieved the elimination of many diseases.
WRITING
Write a simple curriculum vitae, following a standard format.
CV
Name: Robert John Adams
Address: 1084 Franklin Avenue, Los Angeles, USA
Telephone number: 213 851 0890
Date of birth: Exactly 32 years from the date of the lesson
Nationality: British
Marital status: Married
Education: St Martin's School for Boys, Birmingham; University of Oxford;
Qualifications: A levels in English, Spanish, History and Economics; BA in Law; Diploma in International Law
Present position: Teacher of International Law at Central College for Legal Studies
Previous employment: Legal adviser for international company in London for five years
Additional skills and interests: cycling, judo (black belt) computers, keeping fit.
Curriculum Vitae
Name:............................................................................................
Address:........................................................................................
Telephone number:……………………………………………
Date of birth:.. ………………………………………………….
Nationality:..... ………………………………………………….
Marital status:. ………………………………………………….
Education:...... ………………………………………………….
Qualifications:…………………………………………………
Present position:……………………………………………….
Previous employment:…………………………………………
Additional skills and interests:………………………………….
Referees:……………………………………………………………
UNIT 4
THE CELL
VOCABULARY
Ex. 1. Read and memorize the following words:
• blood n кровь • body n тело • brain n мозг •drop n капля • size n размер • shape n форма •nucleusи- ядро, pi. nuclei• fat n жир • fiber n • волокно, фибра, нить • digestion n пище варение • excretion n выделение • reproduction n размножение • human being человек • average а средний • advanced a передовой, прогрессивный • tiny а крошечный • dense a плотный • thick а толстый • thin а тонкий • thread-like а нитевидный, волокнистый • multiply размножаться • exist v существовать • vary v меняться, изменять (ся), отличаться • contract v сокращаться • abandon v отказывать, оставлять.
Ex. 2. Read the following international words. Translate them without dictionary. Mind the part of speech they belong to:
bacteria n, human a, special a, specialize v, group n, v, complex n, a, matter n, protoplasm n, cytoplasm n, moment n, protein n, impulse n, photosynthesis n, muscle n, form n, v, process n, , material n, method n.
Ex. 3. Translate the following word combinations. Mind the attributive usage of the nouns (stone wall-construction):
 |
| cells |
Ex. 4. Pay attention to the ways some terminological adjectives are formed. Translate the derivatives into Russian:
a) nucleus n + -ar - nuclear a
cell n + -(ul)ar - cellular a
muscle n + -ar - muscular a
molecule n + -ar - molecular a
b)
| cellular |
multi-
| uni- sub- |
Ex.5.
a) Memorize the synonyms:
to consist of –
to be composed of - состоять из
to be made up of-
b) Translate the sentences into Russian:
1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Multicellular organisms are made up of a number of cells. 3. The human being is made up about 50,000,000,000,000 cells. 4. Microorganisms are made up single cells, they are unicellular organisms. 5. Tissues consist of group of cells of similar shape, size and function.
READING
Before you read
Discuss these questions with your partner.
1. Can you draw a cell and label its parts?
2. What part contains hereditary information?
3. Have you ever seen a cell under the microscope?
4. Do you remember your impressions?
TEXT
THE CELL
A cell is a tiny unit which constitutes the core of all living things: human, animal, plant or microbe. It was an English mathematician and physicist called Robert Hooke who, in 1665, first recorded his observations of cells under a microscope and published them in a book entitled Micrograpliici. Hooke noted that there are single-celled organisms, such as the amoeba, and multi-celled organisms, such as man. In the latter type of organism, it was revealed that the cells are grouped together to form different types of tissues, and the tissues then form organs.
The structure of a cell appears very simple. It is a jelly-like mass, called protoplasm, enclosed by a wall, with a central nucleus. Although research continued into the structure and function of cells, it was not until the late 19th century that a process of staining and fixing tissues was developed. This made it possible for scientists to preserve the cells for more detailed observation under a microscope. It was then discovered that new cells are formed by the division of old ones, and that each cell has its own lifespan. In other words, a cell is born (created), feeds, produces waste, grows, splits to create new cells or disintegrates and dies. Each cell has a specific function and specific characteristics, for example, muscle cells stretch and nerve cells carry information.
Stem cells are central to this infrastructure. These cells provide a remarkable repair system for the body, as they are able to develop into any type of cell. They can continue to redivide as often as possible to replace damaged or dying cells. The cells created from the division of a stem cell can remain stem cells, or become any of the other specific cells (blood cells, brain cells or other) in the organism. The key to the division process lies in the nucleus. The nucleus splits into two identical parts in the shape of rods or threads, which break away in opposite directions and form new nuclei. At this point the cell itself divides and two new cells are born. The rods or threads are called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of links of protoplasm called genes joined together in a chain. It is the genes that determine the essence of each cell and its particular characteristics. The number of chromosomes found in a particular organism always remains the same, but it will vary depending on the species; human beings have 48, for example, and sugar cane over 200.
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Read the text and answer the questions in your own words.
1. How do organs form in multi-celled organisms?
2. What stages/processes does a cell's lifespan include?
3. Why are stem cells important?
4. What happens to the two identical threads or rods the nucleus splits up into?
5. What are chromosomes?
Ex. 2. Complete the sentences with the words
chromosomes, multi-celled, single-celled, protoplasm, tissues, nucleus, stem cell
1........... are found in cells and pass on information.
2. …………………bacteria are organisms.
3. ......... ….organisms consist of more than one cell.
4. Cells of the same structure and function that are grouped together form……………
5. ……………………….is the jelly-like mass that fills a cell.
6. The cell's hereditary material is stored in its……………………..
7. Every single cell in the body is born by a………………………………
Ex. 3. Translate the Sentences into Russian
1. The smallest unit of living matter that can exist by itself is the cell.
2. Robert Hooke, an English mathematician and physicist, was the first to see cells under a microscope and noted that there are single-celled and multi-celled organisms.
3. In multi-celled organisms, cells similar in form and structure are usually grouped together into different types of tissue.
4. A cell contains a nucleus; this is found in the protoplasm, which is enclosed by a wall.
5. Every cell goes through the same stages of a life cycle: it is born, feeds, grows, splits to create new cells and dies.
6. Stem cells are cells that have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body. They can continue to redivide as often as possible to replace damaged or dying cells, denes are the units of heredity found in chromosomes, which are found in the nucleus.
Ex. 4. Give the synonyms.
to multiply –
to consist of –
matter –
living organism –
Ex. 5.Render the contents of the text in 10 sentences.
GRAMMAR
Ex. 1.A group of friends are going on a coach trip together. They're meeting at the coach stop. Complete the conversation. Put in a personal pronoun (I, me, you, etc) or a reflexive pronoun (myself, yourself, etc).
Polly: Where's Martin?
Rupert: He's ill. I spoke to (0) him yesterday. He was feeling a bit sorry for (1)…………………..
Polly: Oh, poor Martin. And what about the twins?
Peter: (2) ………………..came with Janet and me. (3) .......………...gave (4)………………… a lift.
Janet: Yes, the twins came with (5) .......................in the car.
Tessa: I hope they're going to behave (6) .........................
Janet: Oh, I'm sure they will.
Rupert: (7)………………. '11 be nice to have a day out. (8)……………….... say it's going to stay sunny.
Polly: I'm sure we'll all enjoy (9).........................
Peter: Where's Anna?
Tessa: Oh, she's here somewhere. I spoke to (10)..................……. a moment ago.
She was standing right next to (11) .........................
Ex. 2. Decide which word is correct.
0 I can't go to a party. I haven't got anything to wear.
a) anything b) everything c) something d) nothing
1 Take care, won't you, Anna? Look after ............................
a) you b) your c) yours d) yourself
2 Yes, .........would be lovely to see you again.
a) it b) that c) there d) you
3 If you want some apples, I'll get you .............................at the shop.
a) any b) it c) one d) some
4 We've brought some food with...............................
a) me b) ourselves c) us d) we
5 Who does this CD belong to? ~............................... I've just bought it.
a) I b) Me c) Mine d) Myself