Vocabulary to be used in discussing a scientific publication 1 страница
BIOLOGY
Учебное пособие
для студентов биологического факультета
Самара
Издательство «Самарский университет»
Составители: канд. пед. наук, доц. Е.С. Лапшова
Рецензент: Соколова Е.А. к. пед.н., доц. каф. ин.яз. СамГУ
Отв. редактор д-р пед. наук, проф. В.В. Левченко
Biology: Методические указания / сост. Е.С. Лапшова. - Самара: Изд-во «Самарский университет», 2014. - 112 с.
Учебное пособие по практическому курсу иностранный язык (английский) подготовлено с соответствии с государственным стандартом высшего профессионального образования и типовой программой вуза.
Данное пособие предназначено для студентов биологического факультета.
Целью пособия является развитие коммуникативных умений и навыков различных видов речевой деятельности, а также навыков реферирования научной литературы.
Пособие состоит из вводного урока и 10 разделов, каждый из которых включает оригинальный текст по теме раздела, а также комплекс условно-речевых и речевых упражнений, образцы коммуникативных ситуаций диалогической и монологической речи, а так же блок упражнений, направленных на развитие навыков письменной речи, развивающих умения находить в тексте нужную информацию, составлять письменное сообщение по ключевым словам или плану, пользоваться различными жанрами письменных сообщений, что отвечает принципам современной коммуникативной методики. Аудиоматериалы позволяют студентам ознакомиться с различными стилями разговорной речи
При отборе текстов автор стремился к тому, чтобы каждый текст носил общенаучный характер и был насыщен профессиональной лексикой. Активный лексический и грамматический минимум определяется темами пособия.
Пособие рассчитано на работу в аудитории (совместно с преподавателем) и дома (самостоятельно).
Лапшова Е.С.,
составление, 2014
DEAR FRENDS!
Entering the Samara State University has to be one of the most important events in your life. It is a step into another world. You will discover new knowledge, new skills and new opportunities. You will learn more about the world and nature.
You will grow in intellect, in competence and in confidence owing to the English language.
I wish you success in your work.
The author
CONTENTS
| INTRODUCTORY LESSON | |
| UNIT 1. HISTORY OF BIOLOGY | |
| UNIT 2. BIOLOGY TODAY | |
| UNIT 3. LIFE ORIGIN | |
| UNIT 4.THE CELL | |
| UNIT 5. THE VARIETY OF LIFE | |
| UNIT 6. EVOLUTION | |
| UNIT 7. GENETICS | |
| UNIT 8. CLONNING | |
| UNIT 9. THE THEORY OF NOOSPHERE | |
| UNIT 10. ECOLOGY | |
| APPENDIX | |
| COMPONENTS OF A LETTER | |
| SUMMARY OF THE TEXT | |
| GRAMMAR REFERENCE | |
| TAPESCRIPT |
INTRODUCTORY LESSON
VOCABULARY
Ex.l. Read and memorize the following words:
• science n наука • level n уровень • unit n единица • cell n клетка • living being живое существо • application применение • research n исследование •earth n земля
Ex.2 .Memorize the meaning of the following verbs:
• to study — изучать, учить, учиться • to associate —ассоциировать, соединять • to contain — содержать, вмещать • to limit — ограничивать • to make progress — делать успехи
Ex.3. Read the following international words. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
biology n, planet n, organism n, structure n, system n, function n, medicine n, individual a, characteristic a.
Ex.4. Form the adjectives and the nouns with the help of the suffixes (ic)al, -ist from the nouns given below according to the models. Mind the stress in the derivative adjectives:
Model:
a) biology n + -(ic)al - biological a
b) biology n + -ist - biologist n
anatomy, botany, cytology, histology, chemistry, zoology, physiology, ecology.
READING
TEXT
THE STUDY OF LIFE
Biology is the science of life.
Life can be divided at many levels. Its smallest unit is the individual cell. Its largest unit is the whole complex of living beings associated with the planet Earth.
Between these levels there are others.-’Living organisms contain many structures and systems, each has its characteristic, important function.
The practical applications of biology are unlimited. As the result of biological research great progress has been made especially in medicine and agriculture.
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Answer the following questions:
1. What is biology? 2. What is the smallest unit of life? 3. What do living organisms contain? 4. Each system and structure has its characteristic function, hasn’t it? 5. Are the practical applications of biology limited? 6. In what branches of science has great progress been made as the result of biological research?
GRAMMAR
Ex. 1. Put the words in the right order and ask the question.
1 been / have / where / you
2 do / postcards / sell / you
3 belong / calculator / does / this / to / who
4 are / here / how / long / staying / you
5 is / like / new / office / what / your
6 are / flights / full / of / the / which
7 carnival / does / start / the / time / what
8 decided / has / holiday / Nancy / on / what
Ex.2. Put in the correct question word or phrase.
1………………………… is this building? ~ It's about two hundred years old.
2 …………………………does your team play in? ~ Red.
3………………………….bag are you carrying? ~ Judy's.
4 …………………………money do you earn? ~ About £250 a week.
5…………………………hand do you write with? ~ My right hand.
6……………………….of shop do you work in? ~ A toy shop.
7 ………………………..first stepped on the moon? ~ Neil Armstrong, wasn't it?
8 ………………………..is your mother? ~ She's much better, thank you.
9 ……………………… is it to the post office? ~ About two hundred metres.
10 ………………………do you take a holiday? ~ Once a year.
11………………………..name will you give the baby? ~ We haven't thought of one yet.
Ex.3. Write the questions to which the underlined words are the answers.
1 The Smiths have got three cars.
2 Janet works at the supermarket.
3 Andrea is learning English because she will need it in her job.
4 The film was really romantic.
5 The meeting will take place next Tuesday.
6 Tessa switched off the computer.
Ex. 4. Rupert is at a job interview. Someone is asking him questions. Write the questions.
Interviewer: Where do you live ?
Rupert: Oh, I live in Longtown.
1.Interviewer:……………………………………………………………
Rupert: I'm twenty-three.
2. Interviewer.................................................................................………
Rupert: Yes, I went to college.
3. Interviewer: ........................................................………………………
Rupert: My interests? I don't have any, really.
4. Interviewer: ............................................................................................
Rupert: Which company? Oh, I work for BX Electric.
5. Interviewer: ……………………………………………………………
Rupert: Nothing. There's nothing I don't like about my job.
LISTENING
You heard some of the people introduce themselves. Listen and answer the questions.
1. What are the people going to do?
2. How long will it take?
3. Which of the people do you hear?
4. Who's Bessie?
Ex. 1. Complete the table.
| Name | Nationality | Occupation |
| 1Marie | British | Expedition guide |
Ex. 2. Listen again and check your answers. What other information does each person give? How would you introduce yourself to the group?
Ex. 3. Here are some questions for finding out more information about someone. Complete the questions. Can you add any more? Work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions.
· Have you ever ...?
· Do you ... ?
· How long ... ?
· Who ...?
· Did you ... ?
· Where ... ?
· What kind of... ?
· How many ... ?
· Have you got... ?
· Can you ... ?
· Why ...?
· What are your ... ?
· Would you ... ?
WRITING
INFORMAL LETTER
Write a letter to a friend who you haven’t been in touch with for a long time. Give your news, describe some things that you have done recently, and say what your future plans are. Ask about his/her news and family. Try to arrange to meet somewhere. Remember to put your address and the date in the top right-hand corner of your letter.
Write 100–140 words.
Remember the rules of letter writing.
UNIT 1
HISTORY OF BIOLOGY
VOCABULARY
Match these words with their definitions.
a) life cycle, observation, successor, property, formulate, pollen, contribution, foundation, treat, classify, inheritance, natural selection, field, principle, advance, scholar, genetics
b) found in flowers, sth given to help, progress, what is passed down from one generation to the next, characteristic, from birth to death, develop an idea, what you see, sb who follows, a fine yellow powder found in flowers, give medical help, process according to which only the strongest species survive, put into groups, basic idea, academic area, basis, the study of how characteristics are passed from one generation to another, improvement
Ex. 2. Find antonyms in the list below, arrange them in pairs:
1) theory, to obtain, rapidly, experimentator, to finish, to increase, new, experienced, unknown, wide, passive, to enable, high, complicated;
2) simple, low, practice, to give, to disable, active, slowly, theoretician, narrow, famous, to start, to decrease, old, inexperienced.
READING
Before you read
Discuss these questions with your partner.
- What can you see around you that is living?
- What can you see that is not living?
- What can living things do that non-living things can’t?
- Can you classify living things?
TEXT
HISTORY OF BIOLOGY
Biology means the study of life and it is the science which investigates all living things. For as long as people have looked at the world around them, people have studied biology. Even in the days before recorded history, people knew and passed on information about plants and animals. Prehistoric people survived by learning which plants were good to eat and which could be used for medicine. Farming would not have developed if they had not begun to understand which animals could produce food like milk and eggs.
In the past, more than 2000 years ago, people in the Middle East understood the part that insects and pollen played in the life cycle of plants. The ancient Egyptians studied the life cycle of insects and were particularly interested in the changes they went through as they grew from larvae to adult insects. The ancient Mesopotamians even kept animals in what were the earliest zoological gardens. The ancient Greeks, too, were greatly interested in understanding the world around them. Aristotle recorded his observations of plants and animals, and his successor, Theophrastus, wrote the first books on plant life, which made a very important contribution to the study of botany.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the centre of the scientific world moved to the Middle East.
The Arab scholar Al-Jahiz wrote the Book of Animals in the 9th century. He was just one of a great number of Arabic, Persian and Turkish scientists who set out the foundations for the modern science of biology. Later still, in Europe, particularly in Germany, scholars such as Albertus Magnus discussed the properties of life. Magnus wrote seven books on plants and twenty- six on animals.
Modern biology really began in the 17th century. At that time, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, in Holland, invented the microscope and William Harvey, in England, described the circulation of blood. The microscope allowed scientists to discover bacteria, leading to an understanding of the causes of disease, while new knowledge about how the human body works allowed others to find more effective ways of treating illnesses. All this new knowledge needed to be put into order and in the 18th century the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus classified all living things into the biological families we know and use today.
In the middle of the 19th century, unnoticed by anyone else, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel, created his Laws of Inheritance, beginning the study of genetics that is such an important part of biology today. At the same time, while travelling around the world, Charles Darwin was formulating the central principle of modern biology - natural selection as the basis of evolution.
It is hard to believe, but the nature of viruses has become apparent only within the last half of the 20th century and the first step on this path of discovery was taken by the Russian botanist Dmitry Ivanovsky in 1892.
In the 20th century, biologists began to recognize how plants and animals live and pass on their genetically coded information to the next generation. Since then, partly because of developments in computer technology, there have been great advances in the field of biology; it is an area of ever-growing knowledge.
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Read the text and decide if the following statements are true or false.
1. The earliest people must have known about plants or they would have died.
2. The Egyptians were interested in changing the way insects lived.
3. Europeans learnt all they knew about biology from the Middle East.
4. The microscope allowed biologists to treat illnesses.
5. Darwin's theory was one of the most important in biology.
6. The study of biology hasn't changed at all over the centuries.
Ex. 2. Translate the Sentences into Russian
1. Biology studies all living things on our planet.
2. In the past people were interested in understanding the world around them and learning about plants and animals.
3. Modern biology began to develop in the 17th century.
4. The microscope was invented by van Leeuwenhoek and allowed scientists to discover the world of microorganisms.
5. In the 18th century, Linnaeus set the foundations of the modern system of the classification of living things.
6. The Laws of Inheritance and the principle of natural selection were formulated in the 19th century.
7. Nowadays our knowledge in the area of biology is increasing rapidly due to computer technology.
Ex. 3. Make up 5 questions to the text and ask your partner to answer them.
Ex. 4. Divide the text into logical parts and state the general idea of each part.
GRAMMAR
Ex. 1. Give the plural.
a) a baby, a plant, a lemon, a peach, a banana, и brush, a star, a mountain, a tree, a shilling, a king, the waiter, the queen, a man, the man, a woman, a woman, an eye, a shelf, a box, the city, a boy, a goose, the watch, a mouse, a dress, a toy, the sheep, a tooth, a child, a deer, the life, a tomato, a secretary, a crowd, the airport, a theatre, the tornado, a shop, the tragedy.
b) this magazine, that sticker, this stamp, that sandwich, this poster, this teacup, this egg, that wall, that picture, this foot, that mountain, this lady, that window, this man, that match, this knife, this book, this family, this pie, that answer, that apartment, that teacher, that comedy.
c) 1. This is a spider. 2. That is a snail. 3. This is a star. 4. This is a film star. 5. That is a cartoon. 6. This is a boy. 7. This is a baby. 8. That is a plate. 9. That is a flower. 10. That is a bookshelf. 11. Is this a sofa? 12. Is this a bookcase? 13. Is this a man? 14. Is that a ball? 15. Is that a train? 16. Is that a plane? 17. Is the window open? 18. Is the door closed? 19. Is the boy near the window? 20. That is not a king. 21. That is not a queen.
Ex. 2. Join the two (or three) nouns. Sometimes you have to use -'s or -s'; and sometimes you have to use ... of ...
1. the owner/that car ---the owner of that car
2. the mother/Ann --- Ann's mother
3. the jacket/that man ---
4. the top/the page ---
5. the daughter/Charles ---
6. the cause/the problem ---
7. the newspaper/yesterday ---
8. the birthday/my father ---
9. the name/this street ---
10. the toys/the children ---
11. the new manager/the company ---
12. the result/the football match ---
13. the garden/our neighbours ---
14. the ground floor/the building ---
15. the children/Don and Mary ---
Ex. 3. What is another way of saying these things? Use -'s.
1. a hat for a woman - a woman's hat
2. a name for a boy ---
3. clothes for children ---
4. a school for girls ---
5. a nest for a bird ---
6. a magazine for women ---
LISTENING
Before you listen
Discuss these questions with your partner.
1. Do you know what a germ is?
2. What can you say about their size and shape?
3. What do you know about the classification of germs?
Ex. 1. Listen to this lesson about germs. Circle the correct word or phrase to make true statements.
1. The teacher believes people rightly / mistakenly / rarely think all germs are bad.
2. Germs don’t live on microbes/ animals/ people.
3. Some / all / few germs are responsible for illnesses.
4. There are four basic types of fungi / protozoa / germ.
5. Germs are only round / mostly long and thin / different shapes.
WRITING
FORMAL LETTERS
Ex. 1. Read Nancy’s letter of application to Worldwatch. Put one word into each gap. Compare your answers with a partner.
17 Hillside Rd
Chesswood
Herts. WD3 5LB
Tel 01923 284171
Fax 01923 286622
Thursday 17 January
David Benton
Worldwatch UK Ltd
357 Ferry Rd
Basingstoke
RG2 5HP
Dear Mr. Benton
I saw your______for a Business Journalist in today's Guardian newspaper. I am very______in the job and I think that I have many of the necessary__________.
I ______ politics and modern languages at Oxford University. I am in_______French, German and Spanish. I have_______widely in Europe and South America, and _________worked as a business journalist for the BC________the last five years.
I enclose a copy of my curriculum vitae. I look forward __________hearing from you soon. Please let me know if you need more information.
Yours sincerely
Nancy Mann
Ex. 2. Look at Nancy’s letter again.
- In what other ways can you begin and end formal letters?
- Where is Nancy’s address written? Where is the address of the company she’s writing to?
- In what other way can you write the date?
- Where does Nancy sign her name?
- Where does she print her name?
- There are three paragraphs. What is the aim of each one?
Ex. 3. Write a letter of application for the following job in the Daily News.
| TRANS-GLOBE COACHES want TRAVEL COURIERS In • Europe • the Far East • North and South America Have you got good interpersonal skills? Can you speak two or more languages? Do you want to see the world? Please apply with CV to The Personnel Manager Trans-Globe Coaches Victoria Square London SW1 6VC |
UNIT 2
BIOLOGY TODAY
VOCABULARY
Ex. 1. Give the Russian equivalents:
the science of life, fossil organisms, evolution, a fundamental science, a motive force, contemporary animals, genetics.
Ex. 2. Find synonyms in the list below, arrange them in pairs:
1) device, research, technology, branch, obtain, importance, collaborator, team, to collect, data, to be engaged in, rapidly;
2) quickly, instrument, technique, to be busy with, field, to get, significance, information, to gather, coworker, group, investigation.
Ex. 3. Complete the sentences below with words:
threatened, adapt, mammal, species, cell, environment, composition, diseases, crops, building blocks
1. Unfortunately, the growth of cities often means wildlife is with extinction.
2. A …………………………is an animal that feeds its babies milk.
3. Farmers that grow……………………like cereals and vegetables normally have to work very hard.
4. The smallest, basic structural and functional unit of life is a…………… .
5. Serious illnesses are known as .................................................. .
6. What something is made of is its ……………………………………… .
7. It's amazing how animals can …………………………………….to changes in their living conditions.
8. There are many different ………………………..of butterfly.
9. Humankind's actions have often had a negative effect on the…………… .
10. The most basic parts of something can be called………………………….. .
READING
TEXT
Before you read
Discuss these questions with your partner.
1. What careers in biology can you think of?
2. Do you like any of them? Which ones and why?
3. Are there any areas of biology that you do not find interesting?
4. What areas of biology do you consider the most important for human society nowadays? Why?
BIOLOGY TODAY
Dear Students,
I am writing this letter to welcome all of you who are about to begin your first year course in Biology here at the university. You might think it is a little early for me to ask you to think about what you will do when you leave here in three years' time. However, our science, like any other] has so many different areas it is impossible for you to study them all. The first thing you will need to think about is specialising. This letter is to offer you some suggestions to think about for your future.
As you know, there are four main areas of biology that we shall concentrate on in the coming years. Biology can be divided into zoology, the study of animal life, and botany, the study of plant life. We shall also study molecular biology, the study of how the building blocks of living things, the cells, work. Another topic of interest is genetics, how biological information is passed on from one generation to the next: that is, inheritance. You should specialise, but you will also need to know about all of these four areas of study. Plants and animals do not live separately from each other; all living things are made up of cells and one of the things genetics tells us is how plants and animals adapt to the conditions around them.
So what about after the course is over and you have graduated in Biology? Can you have a career in biology? For those who choose to specialise in genetics or molecular biology there are important career opportunities in medicine. At the present time, there is a great deal of research going on in gene therapy where biologists are working with doctors and chemists to find new ways of treating diseases. Other biologists are looking at ways of changing the genetic composition of the plants we grow for food; of making them more able to fight diseases and at the same time produce more food.
We are experiencing a period of climatic change too, and this is having an effect on the way animals and plants live. The science of ecology is becoming more and more important; biologists who specialise in zoology are working in many parts of the world. Some are working to protect species like the tiger, which are seriously threatened by climate change. Others are investigating wildlife from the smallest insects to the largest mammals, trying to understand how they all live together. Botanists are looking at the effect new types of food crops have on the environment and how changes in that area can affect our general health. There is even a new area of biology called astrobiology, which is looking at the possibilities of life on other planets - but perhaps that is something for the more distant future.
Whatever you specialise in, as long as there is life on this (or any other) planet, there is work for a biologist.
Good luck and enjoy your studies!
Jean Shearer Professor of Biology
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Answer the questions in your own words.
1. What four areas can biology be divided into?
2. If you are interested in cells, which area should you study?
3. How can zoologists help animals in the wild?
4. In what way can botanists protect people and the environment?
5. What is astrobiology?
Ex. 2. Discuss these questions with your partner.
1. How important do you feel the study of biology is for our world today?
2. Would you prefer not to study it? Why?
3. Are there any areas of biology which you think are more important than others?
Ex. 3. Translate the Sentences into Russian
1. Nowadays biology has so many different areas that it is impossible for one person to study them all.
2. Students should study the four main areas of Biology: zoology, botany, molecular biology and genetics.
3. Genetics studies inheritance and how living things adapt to their surroundings.
4. There are plenty of career opportunities for those with a degree in Biology.
5. Medicine needs talented scientists to carry out research in areas such as gene therapy and virus infections.
6. The world is experiencing a period of climatic change and it is the work of scientists to predict the consequences of this.
7. Ecology studies the environment and the way plants, animals and humans live together and affect each other.
SPEAKING
Prepare a short presentation to answer the question: ‘What is biology?’
Use the information in both texts.
Talk about:
• what the study of biology includes
• the four main areas of biology
• where biologists work
• what biology informs us about
First complete these notes. Use them in your presentation.
Biology: The study of.............
There are four main areas: