Способы образования слов в английском языке

Очень часто в английском языке слова, относящиеся к одной части речи, образуют слова, относящиеся к другой части речи. Чаще его это происходит путем присоединения суффиксов: to work работать - a worker рабочий.

Возможен и другой способ, получивший название конверсия, - переход слова из одной части речи в другую без изменения формы: to work работать - awork работа. Конверсия очень характерна для английского языка: ей способствуют отсутствие развитой системы окончаний и большое количество односложных слов. Наиболее часто конверсии подвергаютсяглаголы и существительные: ahand рука - tohand вручить. Как правило, слова, имеющие одинаковое написание, и произносятся одинаково, но есть и исключения: в основном, различия заключаются в произношении звуков [s] и [z] или в переносе ударения: close [-s] близкий - toclose [-z] закрывать, conduct [‘kɔndΛkt] поведение - toconduct [kɔn'dΛkt] вести. Обычно в существительных ударение падает на 1-й слог, у глаголов - на последний. Иногда с переносом ударения не только меняется часть речи, но и теряется видимая связь значений: torefuse [ri’fu:z] отказываться - refuse [‘refju:s] мусор. Конверсия затрагивает и оппозицию «существительное - прилагательное»: прилагательные часто субстантивируются, т. е. становятся существительными: brave смелый - thebrave смельчак. То же можно наблюдать и в русском языке: больной (прил.) человек - больной (сущ.) выписан из больницы.

Словосложение— это способ словообразования путем соединения двух (или более) слов в одно, которое пишется слитно, или через дефис, а иногда раздельно: to pin - point уточнить, trailer - on - flat трейлер на платформе.

Сокращение— еще один способ образования новых слов: laser=light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation лазер (усиление света индуцированным испусканием излучения).

Путем использования префиксов: to do делать - to redo переделать.

НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СУФФИКСЫ ГЛАГОЛОВ
СУФФИКС	ЗНАЧЕНИЕ	ПРИМЕР
(сущ. +) -ize	делать(ся) таким, как на то указывает основа	summarizeсуммировать
(прил. +) -en	hardenделать(ся) твердым
(сущ. +) -ify, -fy	превращать в, делать то, на что указывает основа	gasifyпревращать(ся) в газ; electrifyэлектризовать
(сущ. +) -ate	подвергать воздействию, превращать в то, на что указывает основа	vaccinate делать прививку; granulate гранулировать
-er		whisper шептать
-ish	establish устанавливать

НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СУФФИКСЫ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ
СУФФИКС	ЗНАЧЕНИЕ	ПРИМЕР
(гл. +) -er, -or	обозначение деятеля	workerрабочий
(гл. +) -ing	действие в процессе	boilingкипячение
(прил. +) -ness	свойство, качество	whitenessбелизна
(прил. +) -ty, -ity	состояние, условие, качество	activity деятельность
(гл. +) -age	акт или факт действия	breakage поломка
(сущ. +) -age	содержание чего-либо (единиц измерения)	percentageпроцентное содержание
(гл. +) -ment	отвлеченные понятия (абстрактные существительные)	treatmentлечение
(гл. +) -ance, -ence	resistanceсопротивление
(гл. +) -ancy, -ency	expectancy надежда
(прил. +/сущ. +) -dom	freedom свобода
(гл. +) -ion, -tion, -sion,-ssion	revision повторение
-ure	pressureдавление
-hood	childhoodдетство
-ship	friendshipдружба
-th	length длина
-an, -ian	1) национальность; 2) профессия	American американец, librarian библиотекарь
-ism	какое-либо течение (например, политическое)	communism коммунизм
-ist	1) принадлежность к какому-либо течению; 2) профессия	communist коммунист;   artistхудожник

НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СУФФИКСЫ НАРЕЧИЙ И ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ
СУФФИКСЫ НАРЕЧИЙ	СУФФИКСЫ ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ
СУФФИКС	ЗНАЧЕНИЕ	ПРИМЕР	СУФФИКС	ЗНАЧЕНИЕ	ПРИМЕР
(прил. +) -ly	таким образом, способом	entirelyвсецело	-teen	количественное числительное от 13 до 19	fifteen пятнадцать
-ward(s)	направление движения	backwardsназад	-ty	десятки	seventyсемьдесят
-wise	в таком направлении, таким способом	clockwise по часовой стрелке	-th	порядковое числительное	fourth четвертый

СУФФИКС	ЗНАЧЕНИЕ	ПРИМЕР
(сущ. +) -al	наличие признака, свойств и качеств, выраженных основой	centralцентральный
(сущ. +) -ic	patriotic патриотический
(сущ. +) -ical	geological геологический
(сущ. +) -ous	famous известный
(сущ. +) -ful	useful полезный
(гл. +) -able, -ible	expressibleвыразительный
(гл. +) -ant, -ent	dependent зависимый
(гл. +) -ive	activeактивный
(сущ. +) -ly	friendly дружелюбный
(сущ. +) -y	grainyзернистый
(гл. +) -ite	favourite любимый
-ary	pecuniary денежный
-ate	fortunate удачный
-ed	cold-bloodedхладнокровный
-less	отсутствие качества, признака	useless бесполезный
-ish	1) наличие признака в слабой степени; 2) принадлежность к национальности	reddishкрасноватый;   Polish польский
-ese	принадлежность к национальности	Japanese японский
-ian, -an	Egyptian египетский
-like	сходство	birdlike птицеподобный
-ern	принадлежность к одной из сторон света	northernсеверный

НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕФИКСЫ И ИХ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ
ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕФИКСЫ	ДРУГИЕ ПРЕФИКСЫ
ПРЕФИКС	ПРИМЕР	ПРЕФИКС	ЗНАЧЕНИЕ	ПРИМЕР
un-	unable неспособный	re-(+ гл.)	вновь сделать то, на что указывает основа	remake переделывать
in-	inactive бездеятельный
im-	impossible невозможный	en-, em- (+ гл.)	придавать качество	embody воплощать
il-	illegal незаконный
ir-	irregular неправильный	over-(+ гл.)	избыточная степень качества или выполнения действия	overproduce перепроизводить
mis-	misunderstand неправильно понять
dis-	disapproval неодобрение	under-(+ гл.)	недостаточная степень качества или выполнения действия	underestimate недооцениват

Тренировочные упражнения по английскому языку, раздел «Словообразование»

WORD-BUILDING (exercises)

Ex. 1. Переведите следующие слова, выделите в них суффиксы и префиксы:

Untrue, prehistoric, ultramodern, postwar, ex-champion, anti-body, de­ compose, decode, deform, depart, discover, disappearance, reread, re­construct, coauthor, unequal, misunderstand, undress, disarm, anti-fascist, cooperation, co-existence, interaction, superhuman, ultra-violet.

Ex. 2. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова. Переведите их:

Achievement - achieve, resistance - resistant, assistance - assist - assistant, celebration - celebrate, difference - different, city - citizen, na­tion - national - nationality, measure - measurement, develop - develop­ment, act - active - activity, contain - container, discover - discovery - dis­coverer, literature - literary, graduate - graduation - undergraduate - post-graduate, educate - education, progress - progressive, act - action - activity - active, govern - governor - government.

Ex. З. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с по­мощью суффикса -ег или -or. Переведите на русский язык:

To lead, to write, to read, to visit, to speak, to sleep, to act, to direct, to conduct, to drive, to fight, to mine, to report, to sing, to skate, to swim, to teach, to travel, to sail, to invent, to found, to compose.

Ex. 4. Образуйте от данных слов существительные с помощью суффикса -ist, -ism, -ian. Переведите на русский язык:

Special, social, art, capital, economy, international, piano, technic, ma­thematics, statistics, politics, music, electric, Russia, Hungary, Canada, In­dia.

are, aim, use, shape, fruit, power, thought, harm, colour.

Ex. 5. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса -ment. Переведите на русский язык:

Develop, achieve, move, arrange, treat, state, improve, agree, equip, govern, require, measure, announce, pave,amuse,argue,advertise,invest.

Ex. 6. Образуйте прилагательные с помощью суффиксов -fulи -less, переведите их на русский язык:

Beauty, thank, hope, doubt, c

Ex. 7. Образуйте прилагательные с помощью суффиксов -able, -ible, переведите их на русский язык:

Change, convert, prevent, break, compare, desire, profit, read, comfort, respect, expect,fashion,flex.

Ex. 8. Найдите и выделите суффиксы в данных словах и определите, к ка­ кой части речи эти слова относятся:

British, foolish, understandable, heartless, pitiless, successful, experi­ment, function, musician, socialist, artist, capitalism, professional, funda­mental, industrial, doubtful, useful, different, treatment, creative, attrac­tive, peaceful, dangerous, elementary, childish, active, economic, director, worker, passage, marriage, silence, freedom, kingdom.

Ex. 9. Образуйте глаголы с помощью суффикса -en:

Red, tight, soft, deep, short, dark, bright, weak, black, white, sweet, sharp,

Strong, long.

Ex. 10. Образуйте наречия с помощью суффикса -1у и переведи­те их:

Bad, first, part, quick, strong, short, silent, rapid, wide, extreme, cruel, kind, happy.

Ex. 11. Образуйте глаголы от данных существительных. Переве­ дите их:

Turn, smile, smoke, snow, start, stay, step, stop, study, talk, visit, rest, air, paper, cover, handle, cause, watch, act, address, answer, brush, clean, cross, crowd, wave, wish, work, dance, doubt, dress, end, fight, help, hope, joke, laugh, lift, light, love, mind, paper, pencil, place, plan, play, post, re­ply, report, return, sail, show.

Ex. 12. Переведите на русский язык. Выделите словообразу­ ющие элементы. Определите, к какой части речи относятся данные слова:

React, reaction, reactor, reactivity; science, scientific, scientist; indust­ry, industrial, industrious; cold, coldly, coldness; dark, darkness, darken; happy, happily, happiness, unhappy; equal, equally, unequal, equality; free, freedom, freely; attention, attentive, attentively; sun, sunny, sunless; care, careful, careless, carefully, carelessness; to differ, different, difference, indifferent; England, English, Englishman; poison,poisonous,extreme,extremely,extremity,extremist,friend,friendship,friendly,unfriendly.

Ex. 13. Переведите следующие сложные слова:

Aircraft,airspace,Air Force , summer-resort,rest-house, custom-house, dining-room,dining car,living-room , fireplace, nightlife,newsagent,sunglasses,popstar,snowboarding,bungee jumping,

earthquake,greenhouse,laptop,software,science-fiction,solar system,so-called, haircut , hairbrush, icebox, newspaper, notebook,rain forest ,lifetime , raincoat, sportsman, sunshine,sunrise,sunset,sunflower,body-piercing.

Ex. 14. Прочтите следующие пары слов, соблюдая ударения. Переведите их:

An accent - to accent, a contract - to contract, a content - to content, a contest - to contest,an increase-to increase, a convict - to convict, a perfect - to perfect, a record - to record,refuse-to refuse,a refugee-to refuge.

Ex. 15. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся выделен­ные слова:

1. Не works as a teacher. 2. I saw one of his works at the exhibition. 3. I was waiting for your report. 4. They report the results of their experi­ment every Monday. 5. His report contains some of his thoughts about the experiment. 6. You’ll make progress if you work hard. 7. He thought about his new work. 8. I have a present for you. 9. I am busy at pre­ sent. 10. He presented me with a book.

Ex. 16. Проанализируйте состав следующих слов. Определите части речи. Дайте начальную форму. Переведите слова:

Powerful, inventor, high-quality, network, demoralize, profitable, dis­like, disagree, movement, shorten, incorrect, electricity, fruitful, fruitless, happiness, dangerous, noisy, sunny, rainy, badly, strongly, reading, teach­ing, rebuild, retell, leader, teacher, unhappy, unusual, translation, coopera­tion, schoolboy, icebreaker.

Ex. 17. Напишите сложные существительные, исходя из объяснений.

Например: A machine for drying hair – hair drier.

1. A thing for opening tins - ... . 2. A machine for playing records - ... . 3. A machine for mixing food - ... . 4. A thing that times eggs (when they are boiling) - ... . 5. Things for warming people’s legs - ... . 6. Stuff that kills flies - ... . 7. A liquid that removes paint - ... . 8. A tool that opens bottles - ... . 9. A thing for peeling potatoes - ... . 10. A liquid for removing eye makeup - ... . 11. Stuff for freshening the air - ... .

Ex. 18. Распределите прилагательные по трем группам: 1) люди, 2) места, 3) вещи:

Obstinate, unspoilt, hand-made, waterproof, easy-going, breathtaking, aggressive, deserted, overgrown, overcrowded, cunning, picturesque, arrogant, long-lasting, spoilt, automatic, accurate, artificial.

Ex. 19Выберите слово с нужным по смыслу префиксом или суффиксом.

1. I know Jim Kerry is very popular but I find him totally childish / childlike. 2. I couldn’t work out whom the letter was from. The signature was childish / childlike. 3. Sarah is so childish / childlike. She always plays trick on her friends. 4. It was wonderful to watch the tiny lambs playing. I got such childish / childlike pleasure from the experience. 5. Sophie is extremely sensitive / sensible at the moment. Anything you say seems to upset her. 6. Karen is not a very sensitive / sensible person. She wore high-heeled shoes for our four-mile walk. 7. I’ve never known her to tell a lie. She’s a very true / truthful person. 8. I can never watch sad films that are based on true / truthful a story. They always make me cry. 9. Susan is so intolerable / intolerant of other people. She never accepts anyone else’s opinion, and she always thinks she knows best. 10. I find Mark’s behaviour intolerable / intolerant. It’s unfair to be so selfish. 11. We’re having an economic / economical crisis at the moment. James has lost his job and I don’t know how we are going to pay the rent. 12. It’s more economic / economical to drive slowly. You can do a lot more miles to the gallop.

Ex.19 Подберите к каждой тройке слов такое, чтобы с его помощью образовать составные существительные, используйте слова: board, green, paper, book, birthday, blood, rain, site, road, sports, ice, water, day, night, hand, case, sun, bag.

Например: camp..., building..., bomb... – campsite, building site, bomb-site.

1. ...test, ...pressure, ...donor. 2. ...fall, ...melon, ...skiing. 3. ...house, ...grocer, ...salad. 4. ...club, ...mare, ...shift. 5. brief..., suit..., book... . 6. paper..., plastic..., shoulder... . 7. ...bow, ...coat, ...drop. 8. ...shine, ...rise, ...set. 9. ...works, ...sign, ...rage. 10. black..., floor..., notice... . 11. ...light, ...break, ...dream. 12. ...shake, ...writing, ...book. 13. ...cube, ...berg, ...rink. 14. ...cake, ...present, ...card. 15. ...scape, ...lady, ...slide. 16. ...car, ...center, ...ground. 17. address..., visitor’s..., note... .

Ex. 20Дополните предложения сложными существительными в скобках (это могут быть и составные существительные, и существительные в притяжательном падеже в простой или аналитической форме).

1. Your coat is on the ... (back, chair). 2. You’ve just spilt the ... (milk, cat). 3. Can you buy some ... (paper, toilet). 4. I never listened to my ... (advise, parents). 5. Can you buy a ... (wine, bottle) to have with supper? 6. What did that ... (road, sigh) say? Did you see it? 7. It’s such a mess in here. There are empty ... (wine, bottles) everywhere. 8. The ... (Prime Minister, duties) include entertaining heads of the state. 9. The ... (my shoe, heel) has come off. 10. Can I borrow your ... (brush, hair)? 11. What happened at the ... (film, end)? 12. Here is ... (today, news). 13. Where is the nearest ... (Metro, station)? 14. It’s my ... (anniversary, parents, wedding) next week. 15. The ... (company, success) is due to its efficiency. 16. I’ve got a ... (fortnight, holiday) next month. 17. The ... (government, economic policy) is confusing. 18. My children go to the local ... (school, state). 19. The annual ... (rate, inflation) is about 4 percent. 20. Are there any ... (coffee, cups) in your bedroom? There are none in the kitchen. 21. Do you want a ... (coffee, cup)?

Ex.21. Заполните пропуски глаголом или существительным: advice – to advise, use – to use, abuse – to abuse, belief – to believe, relief – to relieve, grief – grieve, excuse – to excuse, breath – to breathe, half – to halve, house – to house, safe – to save, bath – to bathe.

1. It is my personal ... that this man is innocent. 2. Let me listen to your chest. Take a deep ... and say “Ah”. 3. You should put your valuables in the ... . 4. Drug ... is a terrible problem all over the world. 5. I know it isn’t good for my skin, but I love sun ... . 6. I’ve been so worried about you! It’s such a ... to see you at last! 7. “What are we going to do with this cake?” “Cut it in two. You take ... and I’ll take ... .” 8. Can you show me how to ... this new coffee machine? 9. The refugees are ... in temporary accommodation. 10. She apologizes for her behavior, and said it was because she’d had a busy day, but that’s no ... for breaking all the plates. 11. People need time to ... after the death of someone they love. 12. Take my ... . Never marry for money. Marry for love.

Ex. 22. Напишите слово противоположное по значению, используя префикс

Kind, honest, credible, appear, fair, equal, pleased, continue, fasten, normal, employed, friendly, trust, professional, known, cover, safe, use, probable, important, emotional.

WORD-BUILDING (Test)

1. Определите, к какой части речи относятся данные слова. Переведите их:

Beautiful, function, artist, musician, heartless, economic, worker, badly, act, action, active, basic, fruitless, population, movement, historic, democratic, work, daily, literature, pic­ture, organization, friendship, highly, leader, fight, fighter, national, im­pressive, hopeful, hopeless, beautiful, special, specialist, define, definition, humanism, humanist, humanistic, use, useful, useless.

2. Переведите слова на русский язык. Определите префикс и его значение:

Coauthor, undress, disarm, postwar, illegal, unkind, reconstruct, defor­mation, prewar,antihero , ex-champion, superhuman,disagreement,

3. Образуйте прилагательные от существительных при помощи следующих суффиксов: -al, -ful, -ous, -у, -able, -ible, -ic, -less, -ish. Переведите пары слов.

Reason, beauty, hope, doubt, care, aim, use, desire, boy, success, heart, experiment, form, office, danger, fame, electron, base, nature, cloud, sun, child, Scott, history, home.

4. Переведите предложения. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся выделенные слова. Назовите сложные слова:

1. Many pupils study English. 2. My grandfather has a large study. 3. Who ruled this country? 4. All sportsmen must obey the rules of the game. 5. The Soviet Union is tied by friend­ship with India in their work for peace. 6. All peace-loving people work for peace for the whole of mankind.

5. Назовите глаголы, от которых образованы следующие сущест­вительные:

Protection, show, writer, worker, movement, investigation, achieve­ ment, statement, reader, department, equipment, construction, organiza­tion, reporter, arrival, improvement, conductor, establishment, develop­ment, education, definition, regulation, assistance, agreement.

6. Переведите без словаря. Определите, к какой части речи относятся слова:

a) Specialist, institute, university, culture,cultural,centre, central, nation,national, international, orga­nization, minister, na­ture, natural, traditional, progressive, moral, social, socialist, public, programmer, popular, modern, revolution, revolutionary, final, talent, continent, festival, political, experiment, experimentation, electricity, technical, transformation, system, systematically, practice, practical, seminar, lecture, lecturer, period, historic, history, professor, complex, form, acceleration, instrument, philosopher, idea, basic, fundamental, conceptions, mass, class, element, motor, method, problem, energy, radio, text, material, temperature, progress, television.

b) 1. France and England are European countries. 2. In the evening we like to listen to classical music. 3. We saw a comedy at the Drama Theatre last night. 4. Your train leaves from platform two. 5. This jazz orchestra gave several concerts in our town. 6. In 1610 Galileo constructed the first tele­ scope in the world. 7. This was a dangerous experiment.

7. Проанализируйте следующие слова, какие они? Определите их сос­тавляющие. Переведите на русский язык:

Ice-hockey, world-wide, bedroom, newspaper, long-term, birthplace, sportsman, apple-juice, peace-loving, schoolchildren, football, highland, te­levision, underground, north-west, sometimes, lowland, landscape, well-known, multinational, network, vice-president.

8. Поставьте слово, указанное в скобках, в нужную форму.

1. My father is very ... (act) even though he’s seventy. 2. I’ve always wanted to work in the theatre, but ... (act) it isn’t a very secure profession. 3. I ... (hope), we’ll soon find a solution to the problem. 4. Look ... (care) to the left and to the right before crossing the road. 5. It was very ... (care) of you to lose my watch. 6. I take two ... (day) newspapers and three Sunday papers. 7. You’ve broken my camera! Look at it! It’s ... (use)! 8. Thanks for the advice. It was really ... (use). 9. I have some very ... (noise) neighbours. 10. She became ... (fame) as a result of her invention.

Тренировочные тесты.

Test 1.

1. This is the most . . . . . . concert I‘ve ever been to. (Expense)

2. Her husband’s not a very…...person. (Patience)

3. Susan is very…...and wants to do well. (Ambition)

4. Show some……. Don’t you like the idea? (Enthuse)

5. Her problem is that she has not enough……in herself. (Confide)

6. Dan is really very……, even rude sometimes. (Polite)

7. I haven’t been to the cinema…… . (Recent)

8. Mary…… and they never s aw her again. (Appear)

Test 2.

1. Most people have no real…… in ghosts.(Believe)

2. Mark Twain wrote many…… stories. (Humour)

3. The children’s…… at the concert was excellent. (Behave)

4. Rita asked for a …… and cashier gave her one. (Receive)

5. Do you think you have the…… to pass the exam? (Able)

6. You need a lot of …… to write a good story. (Imagine)

7. I read an interesting …… in the newspaper. (Advertise)

8. Their friendship began in their …… . (Child)

Test 3.

1. I’m telling you the ……! I swear! (True)

2. Your composition isn’t good enough. You’ll have to …… it. (Write)

3. Did you know Ann used to work as a …… when she was younger? (Wait)

4. They need your …… before they can do it. (Sign)

5. It all happened quite…… . I didn’t have time to think. (Sudden)

6. I’m sure his new film is going to be a huge…… .(Succeed)

7. Did Paul give an …… for his actions? (Explain)

8. The …… of the village are all very kind. (Inhabit)

Test 4.

1. The leaflet gives a brief…… of each place. (Describe)

2. Can you give us a quick …… of how it works? (Explain)

3. Olga broke the vase during an …… with her husband. (Argue)

4. Gold is a very …… metal. (Value)

5. Peter began to feel depressed and …… . (Help)

6. His book is the result of years of …… research. (Care)

7. This snake is not …… at all. (Danger)

8. The bright flowers make the room look….. . (Cheer)

Test 5.

1. Teenagers nowadays are more interested in ……. problems. (Globe)

2. Have you seen the new Levi …… on TV? (Advertise)

3. I looked everywhere but I couldn’t find him. He’s …… (Appear)

4. It’s very…… to drink and drive. (Danger)

5. Can you give me some more …… about this adventure holiday? (Inform)

6. We need to put up some …… for tonight’s party. (Decorate)

7. The weather today will be cold and…… . (Wind)

8. Margarita was very …… with the service. (Satisfy)

Test 6.

1. They put a lot of …… on him to agree to their demands. (Press)

2. I’ve had three…… nights and l feel exhausted. (Sleep)

3. If you have problems with your ……, see a doctor. (Circulate)

4. I’m feeling very …… today. I think I’ll go for a run. (Energy)

5. Remember that …… are also human. (Examine)

6. His nose was quite …… for days after he’d it pierced. ( Pain)

7. There are a lot of …… restaurants in this area. (Fashion)

8. Although she isn’t beautiful, most men find her quite…… (Attract).

Test 7.

1.The food was completely …… ; he was a useless cook .(Taste)

2. There were over 500 ……to the temple every day .(Visit )

3. You can’t hope to win the race without any …… .(Train)

4. In spite of her ……,Jane continued her journey .(Hungry )

5.Hard as he tried , he was unable to find …… .(Solve )

6.I …… speaking , I don’t think Latin is a useful subject .(Person)

7.You need to organize your time more …… (Efficient )

Test 8.

1. Stories are more ……. than lists of words .(Memory )

2. His exam results were very …… . (Please )

3. Passing exams will help you to get a ……job .(Good )

4. You should revise on a regular …… (Base )

5. There are books that are specially …….for foreign learners.(Simple )

6. A degree is a very useful…….to have .(Qualify )

7. I hope you will take into …… what I have just said to you .(Consider )

8. This new book had many beautiful ……in it .(ILLUSTRATE)

Test 9.

1.My aunt became …….when she went to America.

(Fame)

2.Paul sings …….; I’m surprised he isn’t a professional singer. (Beauty)

3.I was …….to see all my old friends again. (Delight )

4.They bought some …… for their new house. (Furnish )

5. She lives in a really ……mansion in the suburbs. (Luxury )

6. Are you sitting ……. in that chair ? (Comfort )

7.Everyone was nervous about the ……’s visit. (Inspector)

8.Our teacher has a really strong ……. . (Person)

9.His father has the best …… of ancient coins. (Collect)

Test 10.

1.The teacher wanted to know what my greatest …….(Ambitious)

2.I……ever go to the theatre. I don’t like it .(Hard )

3.Marina has a very …… manner , which I appreciate .(Relax)

4.Her son took part in the world ……last year .(Champion)

5.I was …….when victor said I was beautiful.(Flatter)

6. Julia got a ……for best leading actress .(Nominate )

7.She’s a very ……thinker .(Origin)

8.Her friend is very …….! You can trust him .(Rely)