Present Simple (Indefinite) Tense
Настоящее простое (неопределённое) время
Рассмотрите такую ситуацию:
Alex is a bus driver. But now he is asleep in bed.
So: He is not driving a bus (he is asleep).
But: He drives a bus.
Это и есть Present Simple. Вот как это время образуется:
| I we you they | drive |
| he she it | drives |
Мы используем Present Simple, когда речь идет о действии, которое происходит вообще, не обязательно в данный момент, если оно происходит постоянно, или повторяется. Нам не важно, происходит ли действие в момент речи:
· The earth goes round the sun. (действие происходит постоянно)
· Nurses look after patients in hospitals. (вообще)
· In Britain most of the shops close at 5.30 p.m. (повторяющееся)
Не забывайте к глаголам после he / she / it добавлять "s".:
I work in a bank. Barry works in a shop.
Мы используем do / does чтобы сформировать вопрос и отрицание:
| Question (вопрос) | Negative (отрицание) | ||||
| Do | I we you they | work? | I We You They | don`t | work. |
| Does | he she it | He She It | doesn`t |
· Excuse me, do you speak English?
· "Would you like a cigarette?" "No, thanks. I don`t smoke."
· What does this word mean?
· Rice doesn`t grow in Britain.
3) Мы используем Present Simple, когда говорим, как часто что-то происходит (с наречиями частотности):
· I get up at 8 o`clock every morning.
· How often do you go to the dentist?
· Ann doesn`t often drink tea.
· In summer Tom usually plays tennis twice a week.
Exercise1. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в Present Simple.
1. Я работаю.
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2. Мы работаем.
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3. Они не работают.
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4. Вы работаете? - Да.
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5. Он работает? - Нет. Он учится.
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6. Мой брат не учится. Он работает.
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7. Моя сестра не читает книг.
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8. Наша бабушка любит спать на диване.
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9. Вы любите отдыхать в кресле?
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10. Мы едим и пьем на кухне.
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11. Мой брат не любит читать газеты.
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12. Мы спим в спальне.
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3. Мой брат спит на диване в жилой комнате.
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14. Моя сестра одевается перед зеркалом.
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15. Мой дядя пишет книги.
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16. Мы пишем упражнения в школе.
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Exercise2. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в Present Simple.
1.Когда вы встаете? - Я встаю без четверти семь.
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2. Когда встает твой брат? - Он встает без двадцати восемь. — А твоя сестра тоже встает без двадцати восемь? - Нет. Мой брат ходит в школу, а моя сестра не ходит в школу. Она еще не ученица. Она встает в девять часов.
____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
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3. Мой брат работает в больнице. Он врач. Он встает двадцать минут восьмого. Он работает утром и днем. Вечером он не работает. Вечером он отдыхает.
____________________________________________________________
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4. Твоя сестра говорит по-французски? - Нет. Она говорит по-немецки, а ее муж говорит по-английски.
____________________________________________________________
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Exercise3. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в Present Simple.
Мой дядя инженер. Он очень занят. Его рабочий день начинается рано утром. Он встает в семь часов. Он умывается, одевается и завтракает. После завтрака он идет на работу. Он работает в институте. Он любит свою работу. Он женат. Его жена врач. Она работает в больнице. Вечером она изучает французский язык. Она посещает курсы французского языка. Мой дядя не говорит по-французски. Он говорит по-русски и по-немецки. Он изучает английский язык. Вечером он посещает курсы английского языка. Сын моего дяди ученик. Он ходит в школу. В школе он изучает английский
Тема 7
My school
Лексический блок
My school is a three-storeyed building. It is quite big with sport ground behind it, inside swimming pool. On the ground floor there are the classrooms for the primary-school pupils, workshops, library. There are all kinds of tools and machines in the workshops. The boys of our school have a woodwork room too.
There is a room for manual works for girls. Teachers teach them how to cook, sew and design clothes. Our school library is nice and clean. Two librarians help pupils to find books they need. There are many bookcases and bookshelves with a lot of books there.
If you enter the school and turn right you see a big light dining-room. It is always busy and noisy, but it is clean. Here pupils and their teachers have their lunch. There are blue curtains on the windows and beautiful pictures on the walls.
There is a gymnasium on the ground floor as well. Our physical training lessons are held there. Pupils like to go there even after the lessons, because it has a lot of sport equipment. Our school has many classrooms. The classrooms are light and spacious. There are three large windows in each classroom with flower pots on the window sills. Each room has teacher's table, pupils desks, blackboard, tables and charts on the wall, maps and portraits. There are special classrooms for Chemistry, Physics, Biology, History, Geography, English, and Russian. On the third floor there is a big nice assemble hall. A lot of meetings, concerts, festivals are held there.
Our classroom is on the second floor. Its windows face the school-yard. Our form-mistress is a teacher of Russian language and literature. We respect her very much, she is a kind and knowledgeable teacher. She teaches us Russian and is so fond of her subject, that each of us can not help liking too.
When I think about my school I don't remember its walls and desks; it is my teachers and school-mates who will be always with me. I am so thankful to our teachers for what they have done for us.
Questions:
1. Where is your school situated?
2. What kind of a person is your form-mistress?
3. Is your school rather big?
4. How many floors are there?
5. Is there a library?
6. What do the classrooms look like?
7. Do you like your school?
Vocabulary:
sporl ground — спортивная площадка
behind — позади
primary-school pupils — учащиеся начальной школы
workshop — мастерская
tool — инструмент
manual — ручной
to sew — шить
to turn — поворачивать
noisy — шумный
curtain — шторы
gymnasium — спортивный зал
equipment — инвентарь
spacious — просторный
window sill — подоконник
to face — выходить
chart — карта
table — таблица
Грамматический блок
Закрепление материала
Exercise 1.Translate from English into Russian.
1). When children in our country are six or seven years old they begin to go to school.
2). They spend there 5 or 6 hours daily during ten or eleven years.
3). That's why we may very often hear a phrase, "School is our second home".
4). There are different kinds of schools - secondary schools, lyceums, gymnasiums, schools specializing in foreign languages, in mathematics, chemistry, biology, etc.
5). Still, different as they are, all schools have much in common.
6). The first thing is that all pupils go to school to get knowledge in different subjects and to develop good work habits.
7). Besides, many schools look alike.
8). As a rule it is a two- or three-storey building, rather large with a lot of classrooms and studies in it.
9). When you enter any school you can see a cloakroom where pupils leave their coats in cold seasons.
10). Here on the ground floor you can find a school canteen.
11). Pupils come here to have lunch during the long breaks.
12). There is also an assembly hall in every school.
13). All school celebrations and gatherings are held there.
14). In many schools there is a gym on the ground floor where schoolchildren have their lessons of physical training.
15). Every school has at least two workshops: one for boys and the other one - for girls.
16). Girls are taught cooking, sewing, and knitting there.
17). As for boys they get acquainted, with production work, with the latest achievements of engineering and modern equipment.
18). They are also taught to use some tools and machines.
19). Quite a number of classrooms in every school are given to junior pupils, where they develop their speaking, reading and writing habits.
20). All modern schools have mainly well equipped classrooms for studying Maths, Russian and literature, geography, history, music and arts.
21). Various schemes and tables, maps and pictures can be seen on the walls of the classrooms.
22). Modern equipment such as tape-recorders and record players, cinema and slide-projectors makes the process of teaching easier and more interesting.
23). A few words should be said about science rooms where physics, chemistry and biology are taught.
24). These rooms are not only equipped with all necessary devices but they also have science laboratories, where pupils carry out experiments and make careful observations of different phenomena.
25). The scientific knowledge the pupils get in these laboratories is, of course, valuable to them.
26). Every school has a good library at the pupils' disposal.
27). There they can not only get textbooks on different subjects, but also take various books for individual reading.
28). In every school where English is taught there are some specialized classrooms for studying it.
29). Junior pupils learn to read, write and speak English there, they learn a lot of songs and poems.
30). Senior pupils read texts, listen to spoken English from records, and learn a lot about English-speaking countries, customs, traditions and history of their peoples.
31). They get acquainted with English writers, read and discuss extracts from their books, take part in out-of-school activities.
Exercise 2.Read, translate and act out the dialogue.
- Can you yourself say that school is your second home?
- To some extent, I can. I spent there plenty of time not only at lessons but after classes, too. I took optional courses of English and maths. Besides, I was a member of the school basketball team and I had to train much before competitions in the school gym.
- What subjects are you interested in?
- I take an interest in English, maths, physics and chemistry.
- Do you think school gives you enough knowledge in these subjects?
- I am not quite sure. That's why some pupils take optional courses, read a lot of additional literature, attend different circles and special groups.
- Have you passed your final exams at school well?
- Yes, I was a success.
- What qualities of character, in your view, can be helpful in acquiring serious knowledge of some subjects?
- Well, first of all, good work habits, a good memory, constant study, and of course, industry and responsibility.
Тема 8
Education in Britain
Лексический блок
In England and Wales compulsory school begins at the age of five, but before that age children can go to a nursery school, also called play school. School is compulsory till the children are 16 years old.
In Primary School and First School children learn to read and write and the basis of arithmetic. In the higher classes of Primary School (or in Middle School) children learn geography, history, religion and, in some schools, a foreign language. Then children go to the Secondary School.
When students are 16 years old they may take an exam in various subjects in order to have a qualification. These qualifications can be either G.C.S.E. (General Certificate of Secondary Education) or «O level» (Ordinary level). After that students can either leave school and start working or continue their studies in the same school as before. If they continue, when they are 18, they have to take further examinations which are necessary for getting into university or college.
Some parents choose private schools for their children. They are very expensive but considered to provide a better education and good job opportunities.
In England there are 47 universities, including the Open University which teaches via TV and radio, about 400 colleges and institutes of higher education. The oldest universities in England are Oxford and Cambridge. Generally, universities award two kinds of degrees: the Bachelor’s degree and the Master’s degree.
Questions:
1. When does compulsory school begin?
2. How long does a child stay in compulsory school?
3. What subjects do children learn in Primary School?
4. What kind of exam do students have to take when they are 16?
5. Do students have to leave school at the age of 16 or to continue their studies?
6. How do private schools differ from the regular ones?
7. How many universities are there in England?
8. What is the Open University?
9. What kinds of degrees do universities award?
Vocabulary:
compulsory — обязательная
nursery school — детский сад
exam — экзамен
subject — предмет
university — университет
private — частный
opportunity — возможность
to award — давать, присваивать
bachelor — бакалавр
master — магистр
Грамматический блок
Местоимения
Местоимения, как следует из названия, нужны для того, чтобы заменять собой названия предметов, живых существ или их признаков. Местоимения бывают: личные, объектные.
I – я; me – мне, меня
he – он; him – ему, его
she – она; her – ей, её
it – оно; it – его, её (обычно используется с неодушевленными предметами)
we – мы; us – нам, нас
you – ты, вы, Вы,
they – они; them – их, им Местоимение "I" всегда пишется с большой буквы, ох и любят они себя, а может и правильно делают?
Притяжательные (и соответствующие им абсолютные формы):
My -> Mine – мой
His -> His – его
Her -> Hers – ее
Its -> Its – его/ее
Our -> Ours – наш
Your -> Yours – ваш
Their -> Theirs – их
Абсолютная форма местоимения употребляется без существительного:
"Whose house is this?"
"It’s ours."
– Чей это дом?
– Наш.
Указательные местоимения для того и существуют, чтобы кому-то на что-то указывать...
Впрочем, в комментариях они не нуждаются, просто запомните их:
this – этот, эта, это
that – тот, та, то
these – эти
those – те
Exercise 1.Поставьте следующие предложения во множественное число.
1. This is a star. 2. This is a boy. 3. This is a baby. 4. That is a plate. 5. That is a flower. 6. That is a bookshelf. 7. Is this a sofa? 8. Is this a bookcase? 9. Is this a man? 10. Is that a ball? 11. Is that a train? 12. Is that a plane? 13. Is the window open? 14. Is the door closed? 15. Is the boy near the window? 16. That is not a king, 17. That is not a queen. 18. That is not a bus. 19. This isn't a mountain. 20. That isn't a goose. 21. This isn't a mouse. 22. It is a sheep. 23. It is a cigarette. 24. It is a cat. 25. It is not a girl. 26. It isn't a bag. 27. It isn't a tree. 28. It is not a bad egg. 29. It is a good egg. 30. Is that a flower?