The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive

The Present Perfect denotes a completed action while with the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive there is an implication of incompleteness.

He has madesome experiments.

Он сделал несколько опытов.

He has been makingexperiments.

Он делал опыты.

Why are your lips black? I have been eatingblackberries. Ihave eatena

whole plateful.

Я ел чернику. Я съел целую тарелку.

She is walking up and down the room thinking of the letter she has been

writingand wondering how she should finish it.

She is going to post the letter she hasjust written.

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

The formation of the Past Perfect Continuous.

1. The Past Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the Past Perfect of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle I of the notional verb.

2. In the interrogative form the first auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.

In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the first auxiliary verb.

Affirmative	Interrogative	Negative
I had been writing	Had I been writing?	I had not been writing
He had been writing	Had he been writing?	He had not been writing
She had been writing	Had she been writing?	She had not been writing
We had been writing	Had we been writing?	We had not been writing
You had been writing	Had you been writing?	You had not been writing
They had been writing	Had they been writing?	They had not been writing

3. The contracted affirmative forms are:

I’d been writing

She’d been writing

The contracted negative forms are:

I hadn’t been writing

We hadn’t been writing

4. The negative-interrogative forms are:

{Had he not been writing?

Hadn’t he been writing?

{Had you not been writing?

Hadn’t you been writing?

The use of the Past Perfect Continuous.

We distinguish two uses of the Past Perfect Continuous: the Past Perfect Continuous Inclusiveand the Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive.

1. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive denotes an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still going on at that moment. Either the starting point of the action is indicated or the whole period of duration. The preposition for is used to denote the whole period of duration. Since is used to indicate the starting point of the action.

We could not go out because it had been rainingsince early morning.

We could not go out because it had been raining for two hours.

He had been entertainingat restaurants for thirty years and he knew how to

assure the smooth passage of the meal. (Bennett)

As has been stated above (see § 21), the Past Perfect Inclusive isused to express an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still going on at that moment, with verbs not admitting of the Continuous form, in negative sentences and with certain non-terminative verbs.

With verbs not admitting of the Continuous form the Past Perfect Inclusive is the only tense possible.

In negative sentences the Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive can be used, but it is far less common than the Past Perfect Inclusive.

With certain non-terminative verbs both the Past Perfect Inclusive and the Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive are used.

He said he had workedfor twenty years. (The fact is emphasized.)

He said he had been workingfor a long time without achieving final results. (The process is emphasized.)

The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive is rendered in Russian by the past imperfective.

I had been readingabout an hour when he came.

Я читалоколо часа, когда он пришел.

2. The Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive denotes an action which was no longer going on at a definite moment in the past, but which had been in progress not long before.

I sobbed a little still, but that was because I had been crying, not because I

was cryingthen. (Dickens)