REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS (Возвратные местоимения)
| SINGULAR (ед.ч.) | PLURAL (мн.ч.) |
| + SELF (сам,-а) Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself F/e: Do it yourself! (Сделай это сам!) | + SELVES (сами) ourselves yourselves themselves f/e: They will do it themselves. (Они сделают это сами.) |
WORD ORDER IN THE AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE (Порядок слов утв. предл.)
1 2 3 4
Подлежащее Сказуемое Дополнение Обстоятельство
Jane plays the piano very well.
P.S. Дополнение – косвенное (кому?) стоит перед прямым дополнением
Дополнение – прямое (кого? что?)
F/e: Give me a book. (me – косвенное; a book – прямое)
НО! Give a book to me (если косвенное дополнение стоит после прямого, то перед косвенным дополнением должен стоять предлог “to”)
WORD ORDER IN THE INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE (Порядок слов вопр.пред.)
Вопр. слово Вспом. гл. Подлежащее Сказуемое Доп-ние Обст-тво
Does Jane play the piano very well?
WHAT does Jane play very well?
How does Jane play the piano?
Who plays the piano very well?
THE ENGLISH TENSES SYSTEM (Система времен английского глагола)
| PRESENT (наст.) | PAST (прош.) | FUTURE (буд.) | |
| SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) (простое; неопределенное) | V; Vs | V2 (did) | shall V will V |
| CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) (длительное) | am is V ing are | was Ving were Ving | shall be Ving will be Ving |
| PERFECT SIMPLE (завершенное простое) | had V3 | has V3 have V3 | shall have V3 will have V3 |
| PERFECT CONTINUOUS (завершенное длительное) | had been V ing | has been V ing have been V ing | shall have been V ing will have been V ing |
SEQUENCE OF TENSES IN THE INDIRECT SPEECH
(СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН В КОСВЕННОЙ РЕЧИ)
| PRESENT SIMPLE | PRESENT PROGRESSIVE | PRESENT PERFECT | PAST PROGRESSIVE | PAST SIMPLE | FUTURE SIMPLE | |
| Direct speech (Прямая речь) | V(s) | am is Ving are | has V3 have V3 | Was Ving Were Ving | V2 | Shall V Will V |
| PAST SIMPLE | PAST CONTINUOUS | PAST PERFECT | PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS | PAST PERFECT | FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST | |
| Indirect speech (Косвенная речь) | V2 | Was Ving Were Ving | had V3 | had been Ving | had V3 | should V would V |
Pronouns SOME, ANY, NO, EVERY and their derivatives
(местоимения SOME, ANY, NO, EVERY и их производные)
| (+) | (-), (?) | (-) | (+), (-) |
| SOME (некоторый, несколько) | (not) ANY | NO | EVERY |
| SOMEBODY (кто-то) | (not) ANYBODY (никто) (кто- то) | NOBODY (никто) | EVERYBODY (все, каждый) |
| SOMETHING (что-то) | (not) ANYTHING (ничто, ничего) (что-то) | NOTHING (ничто, ничего) | EVERYTHING (все) |
| SOMEWHERE (где-то) | (not) ANYWHERE (нигде, где-то) | NOWHERE (нигде) | EVERYWHERE (везде) |
+ I have some books.
- I have not any (no) books.
? Have you any books? – Yes, I have some. No, I haven’t any.
BUT! Would you like some coffee? – Не хотите ли выпить кофе?
May I have some tea? – Можно мне выпить чаю? (предложение, просьба)
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
(степени сравнения прилагательных)
| POSITIVE (положительная) | COMPARATIVE (сравнительная) | SUPERLATIVE (превосходная) |
| SHORT SAD DRY WHITE WONDERFUL | + ER SHORTER SADDER DRIER WHITER MORE WONDERFUL | + EST (the) SHORTEST (the) SADDEST (the) DRIEST (the) WHITEST (the) MOST WONDERFUL |
REMEMBER!
| GOOD BAD LITTLE MANY, MUCH FAR LATE OLD | BETTER WORSE LESS MORE FARTHER, FURTHER LATTER /LATER OLDER/ ELDER | (the) BEST (the) WORST (the) LEAST (the) MOST (the) FARTHEST, FURTHEST THE LATEST, THE LAST THE OLDEST/ ELDEST |
ADVERBS
FORMATION: SLOW + LY
QUICKLY, BADLY, COLDLY, POLITELY
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
(степени сравнения наречий)
| POSITIVE (положительная) | COMPARATIVE (сравнительная) | SUPERLATIVE (превосходная) |
| FAST OFTEN | FASTER MORE OFTEN | FASTEST MOST OFTEN |
REMEMBER!
| BADLY WELL LITTLE MUCH FAR | WORSE BETTER LESS MORE FARTHER, FURTHER | WORST BEST LEAST MOST FARTHEST, FURTHEST |
PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS (множественное число существительных)
NOUN + S (a book – books, a pen – pens)
IF NOUN ENDS (-s, -ss, -x, -o, -ch, -sh, -tch) + ES (a bench – benches)
SPELLING CHANGES:
1) СОГЛАСНАЯ + Y = I+ ES (A FACTORY – FACTORIES)
ГЛАСНАЯ + Y + S (a PLAY – PLAYS)
2) – F; - FE = V +ES A WOLF – WOLVES, A WIFE – WIVES)
REMEMBER! CHIEF + S (начальник), SAFE + S (сейф), CLIFF+S (утёс)
ROOF + S (крыша), HANDKERCHIEF + S (носовой платок, шейная косынка)
3) OE + S (A POTATO – POTATOES)
REMEMBER! PIANO + S, PHOTO + S
| REMEMBER! | ONLY IN SINGULAR | ONLY IN PLURAL |
| A MAN – MEN A WOMAN – WOMEN A CHILD – CHILDREN AN OX – OXEN A GOOSE – GEESE A FOOT – FEET A TOOTH – TEETH A MOUSE - MICE A PERSON – PEOPLE | NEWS HAIR ADVICE KNOWLEDGE LUGGAGE FURNITURE INFORMATION PHYSICS | TROUSERS CLOTHES GOODS SPECTACLES SCISSORS ARCHIVES CATTLE |
| ALSO REMEMBER! | Has the same form for singular and plural form | |
| AN ENGLISHMAN- ENGLISHMEN A FRENCHWOMAN- FRENCHWOMEN BUT! A GERMAN- GERMANS | A DEER – DEER A SHEEP – SHEEP A SWINE – SWINE A FISH- FISH A FRUIT- FRUIT |
THE ARTICLE (АРТИКЛЬ)
| INDEFINITE (неопределенный) A, AN | DEFINITE (определенный) THE |
| а pen (1-я согласная) an apple (1-я гласная) | the pen the books the meat the rain |
F/e: 1. THIS IS A BOOK. THE BOOK IS GOOD.
2. THIS IS _ MILK. THE MILK IS FRESH.
3. LOOK AT THE BLACKBOARD.
4. THIS IS A BIG APPLE.
THE ARTICLES ARE NOT USED!
1. AFTER AND BEFORE PRONOUNS (my, your, his, her, our, their, this, that, these, those) – It’s my a hat. Take that a book.
2. BEFORE UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (liquid, natural phenomenon, abstract matter, substance that must be weighed (flour, sugar, rice etc.) materials) – a water, a rain, an air, a butter.
3. AFTER POSSESSIVE CASE – My father’s a car.
4. AFTER AND BEFORE CARDINAL NUMERAL (one, two etc.) – He has one an English book.
5. AFTER NEGATIVE PRONOUN “NO” – There is no a letter on the table.
6. BEFORE AND AFTER ADJECTIVES – This apple is a big. BUT! This is a big apple.