Intellegence and learning languages
Humanbeing may be the most intelligent(1) ___ species, but most of us are not too sure what we mean when we talk about intelligence. One moment we use the (2) ___ to describesomeone who knows the answer to a difficult (3) ___, and the next we will say that someone is intelligentbecause he has made a lot of money.
Intelligenceis the abilityto come up with a new (4) ___to solve the problem, as opposed to doing things out of(5) ___ or conditioning. Rats in a maze can learn from (6) ___ that they made, but this is not intelligence.
A good example of intelligence is the (7) ___ that humans use tools to make life easier for themselves. One (8) ___ of intelligenceis the ability of learning, or how long it takes to find a (9) ___ to the problem.
However, the abilityto learn a language isn’t directly related to (10) ___. As children, we are programmed to learn to speak and it is not that intelligent children always speak at a younger age. Take a well-known example of the
(11) ___ Einstein who did not start speaking until he was 3 years old. But as we grow older, intelligent people have an (12) ___ because they find ways of making the most of the intelligencethey have.
3. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
THE UNIQUE ROLE OF LANGUAGE
Humanbeings may be the most intelligentanimal species, and our intelligence somehow is manifested by the degree of sophisticate (1) of the language we use. It is language that able (2) us to communicate feelings and thoughts, to tell stories and even lies. Language, both in its oral and write (3) forms, provides a really fascinate (4) object of study. Why? Perhaps because of its unique role in capturing the
broad (5) of human thought and endeavor.
We look around us and are awed by the vary (6) of several thousands languages, expressing a multiply (7) of worldviews and lifestyles.Yet writing and reading were not always skills to be taken for granted. For every nation, the most preciousinherit (8)is the national languageserve (9) in folklore and literature.
Our precede (10) have contributed a lot to our intelligence providing us with greater brain power compared to that of early humans. Though learning different languages isn’t direct (11) related to intelligence, it turns out to be benefit (12) for developing a versatile person (13). There is also scientific evidence that taking up a foreign language as a leisure activity can help maintenance (14) brain power especially in later years.
4. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
IQ (INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT)
Curiosity (1) enough, Intelligence Quotient tests have been around for nearly a hundred years now, though their use (2) is still much debated. The first tests were device (3)in France in the early twentieth century, but their apply (4) was restricted to children until World War II, when tests were given to two million American military recruits. The tests value (5)both general knowledge and theabilityto reasonlogic (6), and the results were used to decide who should get which job, and to identity (7)the most intelligent recruits for training as promise (8) army officers. Their use greatly expansion (9) when the war ended.
The vast major (10)of people have something around the average IQ of about a hundred. Only two per cent are at the genius level of 130 or more. Interest (11), more women tend to score around average, while men show more scattered results. There are fewer women than men at the genius level, but fewer at the bottom as well, a fact from which any number of conclude (12) can be drawn. It’s also a matter of controversial (13) that East Asians perform better on IQ tests than Europeans; although no one has so far been able to offer a
satisfy (14)explanation for this fact. Sadly enough, although people’s knowledge increases as they get older, the average score on IQ tests goes down steady (15)after the age of 23.
5. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
AGE AND PERFORMANCE
Theinitial peak of perform (1)occurs in the mid 30s, but the late peak occurs in late 50s. The precision (2) point at which peak performance occurs depends on the field: it is earlier in more abstraction (3)fields of mathematicsand theory (4)physics and later in such pragmatic special (5)as biology and geology. The double-peak phenomenon occurred in all groups of engineers and science (6) and the gap between the two peaks is not sign (7). There are many examples of late-life create (8)in art (9)and scientific fields. For example, S. Freud remained act (10) into his 80s, B. Franklin invention (11)bifocal lenses when he was 78, and Titian completed his major masterpieceat 95 and
concept (12) another at 97.
6.Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
MIDLIFE CRISIS
Age, question (1), has an impact on creativecapable (2). Midlife crisis occurs around the age of 40. At this stress (3)age, creative people
go (4) an important change. One of the best known midlife crises is that of the French
paint (5) Gauguin, who left his wife and his bank (6) career at 35 and ran off to the picture (7) island of Tahiti, where he was to create his fame (8) paintings. For such art (9) as Chopin, Mozart, Raphael, Watteau the crisis at this point of their lives was fate (10).
Once they pass this hurdle, however, many create (11)people continue their activities for many years. A.G. Bell, for example, invented his telephone when he was 27, but he continued to invent for another 45 years. Albert Einstein was working energy (12) on extensions andmodify (13) of the Unified Field Theory well into his 70s, and many of Thomas Edison’s invent (14) were produced late in his 84-year life.
7.Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
EQ (EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE)
When we think of brilliant (1) we imagine Einstein – deep-eyed, wooly-haired. High achievers are thought to be born for great (2). But while natural talent seems to flourish in some, it appear (3) in others. The ability to defer gratify (4) is a master skill, a triumph of reasoning brain over the impulse (5) one. It is a sign of emotional intelligence. It does not show in the IQ test. Brain power measure (6) in IQ does not matter as much as the qualities of mind – the ability to understand our own feelings and the ability to management (7) our own emotions. EQ is not the opposition (8) to IQ. What the research (9) are trying to understand is to what extent they are complement (10) to each other. Most researchers agree that among the ingredients of success, IQ counts for about twenty per cent, the rest depending on everything from luck to society (11) class. In the business world, IQ gets you a job, while EQ gets you a promote (12).
8.Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
RAPPORT
If people have rapport with each other, they have a relation (1)in which they have a special able (2) to understand each other’s feelings or points of view. Knowing about rapport is a small step towards its achieve (3).
How do we create the relationship of trust and how can we extension (4) this natural skill? How do we know that two people are in rapport? Communicate (5) seems to flow when people are in rapport; their body move (6) as well as their words match each other. What we say can create or destruction (7) rapport, but that it only seven per cent of the communication.
Body language and tone of voice are more importance (8). You may have noticed that people who are in rapport mirror and match each other in post (9), gesture and eye contact. It is like a dance, where partners response (10) and mirror each other’s move (11). Have you ever found yourself enjoying deeplya converse (12) with someone and note (13)that your bodies have adopted the same posture? The deeper the rapport, the closer the match tends to be. This skill seems to beborn (14), for new-born babies move in rhythmic (15) with the voices of the people around them.
9. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами из предложенного списка.
HOW TO BE IN HIGH SPIRITS
I. Your brain power can be (1) ___by life’s little luxuries according to the scientific findings. It has been discovered that mice who are (2) ___on popcorn and sweets have up to fifteen per cent more brain cells than mice who are kept in normal laboratory conditions. Being kept in cells full of brightly (3) ___toys has a similar effect. It is (4) ___ that the same may be true for humans, which possibly explains why children from poorer homes tend to do less well at school and in life generally.
II. Feeling like an underdog can cause (5) ___to your health. Research showed that workers who feel (6) ___ are significantly more likely to suffer from back problems. Doctors think that one of the greatest health threats comes from negative feelings such as depression or (7) ___,which creates stress hormones and produces cholesterol. It is quite likely that (8) ___ about whether or not you should eat a chocolate bar is doing you more harm than actually eating it.
III. Scientists have known for some time about seasonal affective disorder (SAD): a form of depression (9) ___ by lack of light in winter, which is thought to explain the relativelyhigh (10) ___ rates in countries like Sweden, where in winter days are very short. However, recent research has shown that people working a night (11) ___ in factories can suffer from the same problem leading to stress and depression. The problem can be (12) ___ by illuminating workplaces with lights three times brighter than usual, making workers feel happier and more alert.
10.Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных двух вариантов.
WAYS TO SUCCESSFUL LEARNING
Do you remember how at school certain/common (1) subjects seemed impossible to understand/realize (2)? Howevermuch the teacher tried to explain geography, for example, you still did not grasp/seize (3) even the basics/basis (4).
Now some psychologists are suggesting that learning obstacles/difficulties (5) may lie/lay (6) in the way the subjects are presented/proposed (7)rather than being a failure on the part/side (8) of the children.
According to a modern opinion/approach (9), people fall into groups depending on how they learn best – through sight, sound or tactile feeling. For example, a visual/visionary (10) child will learn best through diagrams, an auditory/audition (11)child through spoken words, while a kinesthetic child will benefit/enrich (12) most from practical examples.
It is easy to find out which group your child belongs to. All you have to dois ask him or her a request/question (13), such as “What was your day at school like?” According to this new theory, your child’s response/respond (14) will tell you whetherthey learn through sight, sound or feeling. This will help you to choose the best learning and teaching strategies/tactics (15).
11. Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных четырех вариантов.
ENGLISH SPELLING
Spelling presents a major problem to many students – and, indeed, native speakers – of English. This is hardly (1) ___ when you consider just how illogical the English spelling (2) ___ is. The spelling of such basic words as right, through, once, and who seems to bear no (3) ___ to their pronunciation. And how can the words go, sew, and though all (4) ___ with each other?
There have been (5) ___ in the past to reform English spelling. The playwright George Bernard Shaw was an enthusiastic (6) ___ for a more phonetic approach. In a clever illustration of the (7) ___of English spelling he suggested that the word fish be written by the letters ‘ghoti’: the gh from enough, the o from women, and the ti from nation. When he died in 1950 he (8)___ a large part of his estate to (9) ___ the spelling reform.
So why do we (10) ___ in spelling words the way we do, despite the efforts of reformers like Shaw? One (11) ___ is that we are too (12) ___ with the words as they are currently spelled. It is (13) ___ that any change in the rules would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to (14) ___. Another is that there is such a variety of regional accents within the English speaking world that it would be (15) ___ to select just one as the standard model for spelling.
| A amazing | B amusing | C surprising | D thrilling | |
| A system | B procedure | C method | D schedule | |
| A relativity | B interrelation | C correlation | D relation | |
| A rhyme | B rhythm | C poem | D verse | |
| A template | B tempest | C attempts | D temptation | |
| A campaigner | B prospector | C pioneer | D candidate | |
| A nonsense | Babsurdity | C stupidity | D obscurity | |
| A bequeathed | B inherited | C abandoned | D abolished | |
| A remote | B promote | C motivate | D remove | |
| A insist | B continue | C resist | D persist | |
| A cause | B reason | C purpose | D reply | |
| A accustomed | B used | C acquainted | D familiar | |
| A certain | B certainly | C surely | D bound | |
| A authorize | B enforce | C reinforce | D empower | |
| A inadequate | B unequal | C unfair | D unjust |
12. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
ALARMING TENDENCY
According to specialists engaged in research in primary school education, there is a tend (1) away from acquiring fundamental knowledge by young people. Illiterate (2) is growing and numerous demonstrations of ignorant (3) in many fields make teachers despair (4). It was expected that parents were still reading books to their young children or teaching them to do some simple mathematical calculate (5) as it used to be earlier. But this assume (6) was broken by the recent study carried out by British education (7).
This research demonstrates lack of base (8) skills in the traditional 3Rs (reading, writing and arithmetics), which is simply believe (9). The results published recently show that one in seven children has sufficient (10) knowledge of simple maths and cannot even do a simple multiply (11),such as 5x5. The results also show that a three (12) of the children in this age group cannot count up to 100 and do not know what express (13) such as half and a quarter, refer to. Moreover, only half of the children have any understanding of the decimal system for measure (14)and money, and only one in thirty can accuracy (15) read the temperature on a thermometer. As regards English, more than a quarter have not learnt to read with any confide (16) and have problems with the alphabet; meanwhile another 25% are able (17) to spell the easiest words. It looks like parents’ neglect (18) has resulted in their children’s learning problems.
13. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
TELEVISION AND READING
Many people believe that watchingtelevision has resulted in low (1) reading standards in schools. Actually, the link between television and print (2) books is not as simple as that. In many cases, television actually courage (3)people to read. For example, when a book is turned into a TV series, the book sales often go up.
One study of this link examined six-year-old children view (4) a special program at school. The series was designed to encourage love of books as well develop basic mechanism (5) skills of reading. Each program is an animal (6) film of a children’s book. The story is read aloud while certainly (7) key phrases from the book appear on the screen beneath the picture. Whenever a word is read, it is also light (8)on the TV screen.
One find (9)was that watching these programs was very important to children. If anything prevention (10)them from watching a program, they were very appoint (11). What’s more, they wanted to read the books the series were based on. The programs also gave children more confident (12)when reading these books. As a result,familiar (13) with the stories, they would sit in pairs and read the books loud (14) to each other. They also showed great
sympathize (15)to the characters seen on the screen while discussing the book.
14. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
DÉJÀ VU
Have you ever been in a situation in which you suddenly thought “I’ve been here before”? That strange sense (1) of having had exactly the same experience at some know (2) time in the past is called déjà vu. Most people have had this feeling at one time or another, but no-one has come up with a satisfy (3) explanation of what déjà vu actually is.
There are the usual eccentricity (4) theories concerning memories of a previous life, or of some long-forgotten “out-of-body experience”. Others maintenance (5)that a déjà vu is the memory of a past dream in which the future was revealed. Need (6)to say, few scientists take these theories very seriously.
Psychology (7) have made several attempts to explain the phenomenon. Perhaps the most reason (8) one involves a simple function (9) of the brain’s electrical circuit (10). What happens is this: the brain accident (11) stores what you see as a memory before it is registered in the conscious (12). So when, moments later, you actually become conscious of the scenery (13), you find that you already have a memory of it depth (14) in your mind.
15. Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных четырех вариантов.
LISTENING
Human beings have a strong need to put their experiences and problems into words. That is why everyone (1) ___ a “friendly ear” – someone who is (2) ___ to listen to their troubles and joys. But few people (3) ___ what a complex skill listening is. Being a good listener requires great (4) ___of concentration, which can only be gained through practice.
There are two reasons why listening is often such hard (5) ___. The first is simply that people merely show(6) ___ to speaking. How often have you (7) ___ what someone has said because you were thinking about what you were going to say in (8) ___? The second reason is that people speak too slowly. The average speed is about 125 words per minute, which is not fast enough for the (9) ___ brain. It allows too much time for the (10) ___to fail, as the brain tries to keep itself busy with other, (11) ___ thoughts.
Next time you are in a listening (12) ___, try to predict what the speaker is going to say. Ask yourself questions about what is being said, and see if the speaker answers them. Finally, make quick (13) ___ in your head of the main (14) ___that have been made. All the above (15) ___ things will help you to concentrate and make you a better listener.
| A approves | B applauds | C appreciates | D attracts | |
| A agreed | B wanting | C wishing | D willing | |
| A realize | B distinguish | C identify | D detect | |
| A forces | B qualities | C powers | D strengths | |
| A action | B work | C assignment | D act | |
| A priority | B predominance | C preference | D precedence | |
| A neglected | B ignored | C overheard | D missed | |
| A report | B replica | C reply | D respond | |
| A humanitarian | B humanistic | C humane | D human | |
| A contamination | B concentration | C congregation | D conservation | |
| A irrelevant | B intolerant | C irregular | D unrelated | |
| A session | B circumstances | C atmosphere | D situation | |
| A agenda | B schedule | C summaries | D itinerary | |
| A marks | B points | C topics | D ideas | |
| A advised | B stated | C reminded | D mentioned |
JOKES
· There is nobody so irritating than someone with less intelligence and more sense than you.
· A psychologist is someone who goes to a strip-tease show and watches the audience.
· A psychiatrist is someone who will listen to you as long as you don’t make sense.
· My son has never been to a psychiatrist.
Why? What’s wrong with him?
· I don’t know how old you are but you certainly don’t look it.
· Growing old is mandatory, growing up is optional.
· Education today is teaching a child how to talk and then teaching it how to keep quiet.
· – When you son finishes his education, what will he be?
– About forty.
· A client at the hospital where they make transplantations asked about the prices. The doctor said, “Well, this Ph.D. brain costs $ 10,000. This brain belonged to a NASA top scientist and costs $ 15,000. Here we have a policeman’s brain as well. It costs $ 50,000.”
The client asks, “How is it possible?”
The doctor replies, “You see, it’s completely unused.”
1.Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
WHO INVENTED WRITING
The ability to write provides the opportunity to communication (1)over time and distance, to keep administrate (2) records and pass messages over long distances. Over the past 3,500 years civilize (3) and cultures across the world have created at least 700 different forms of writing. However, if the evolve (4) of the world’s writing systems is traced back, it becomes clear that nearly all of them origin (5)from just four sources: the ancient script of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China and Mexico. All European and Arab scripts origin (6) come from Egyptian hieroglyphs. Most Asia (7)scripts do too, even if the link is less direct. Modern Korea (8) and Vietnam (9), however, come from Chinese. The first form of writing was pictograms, simple pictures of objects. Grade (10)they were replaced by ‘logograms’, symbolspresent (11) objects.
At a later stage of development, the alphabet (12) system successfullycome (13) the problem of Egyptian hieroglyphs. In this system the combine (14) of characters and letters sign (15) different sounds. Early versions of the alphabet system are the basis of the Cyrillic and Rome (16)scripts still used in Europe today.
The tradition (17)view was that writing was invented in Mesopotamia and then spread to Egypt. It was thought that the Chinese script developed dependent (18) a thousand years later. Formerly, it was accepted that the Sumerians invented the full (19) developed writing system. New evident (20) demonstrates that they only did this after the Mesopotamians had been using a script for 200 years.
Another discovery is perhaps even more controversy (21). It suggests the Chinese were writing before the Egyptians. It will take time and more evidence to convince the entire archeology (22)communitythat the idea of writing spread from east to west, and not the other way round.
2.Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных трех вариантов.
INVENTION IN LITERATURE
Cultural inventions seem to have (1) ___altered our life style. It was not long ago that the novel became (2) ___from the narrative story, and, most importantly, gave riseto the ‘popular’ novel.
The detective novel is the only literary genre (3) ___in modern times that
(4) ___withspecific rules. It rapidly became (5) ___successful. All historians agree on the (6) ___of the American writer Allan Poe as its inventor. The first ever detective story, The Murders in the Rue Morgue, actually (7) ___the first rule of the genre, which is to set out a detective puzzle and to(8) ___ it in the course of the story by investigation and (9) ___. The whole literary genre was to be (10) ___by it, from Agatha Christie to Georges Simeon.
| A surprisingly | B significantly | C substantially | |
| A distinguished | B differential | C distinctive | |
| A created | B found | C founded | |
| A complies | B compiles | C composes | |
| A internationally | B worldwide | C worldly | |
| A dissemination | B denomination | C distinction | |
| A arranged | B established | C installed | |
| A solve | B dissolve | C resolve | |
| A deduction | B dedication | C devotion | |
| A expired | B inspired | Cconspired |
3.Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
CHESS
Chess, often referred to as the royalty (1) game, is the oldest of all board games which do not contain any element of probable (2) usually associated with a dice. The origins of chess are certain (3), nevertheless, there are a number of legends regard (4) its invention. One story tells that it was King Solomon who invented chess, another that it was the Greece (5) god Hermes. And yet another that the Chinese mandarin Han-Sing was respond (6) for its creation. In fact, chess almost certainly origin (7) in India in the sixth or seventh century AD. The game’s popular (8)then spread quickly through Persia (now known as Iran) and from there came to Europe. The first documented referent (9) to chess in literature is in a Persian romance which was written about 6000 AD. It is believed the word ‘chess’ comes from ‘shah’, the Persian word for ‘king’ and ‘chechmate’. The name of the game’s win (10) move comes from the phrase ‘shah mat’ meaning ‘the king is die(11)’. Actually the name ‘check mat’ is used in some languages as the name of the game. The rules and pieces used in the game have go (12) considerable changes over the centuries. Modern chess owes much to the Spain (13) Ruy Lopez de Segura, who in 1561 wrote the first book on how to play the game. In it he introduced the conceive (14) of ‘castling’, which had not been part of the game before then.
4.Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
BACKGAMMON
Until recently, backgammon was regarded in America as an exotic, familiar (1) game. Today, backgammon is claimed to have millions of dedication (2) players. Though history (3) are not sure about the origin of the game, there are quite a number of facts about its early days. During the excavate (4)of the royal cemetery in the ancient Sumerian city of Ur archaeologists found five game boards. Their close resemble (5) to the early backgammon boards prompted an assume (6) that the game existed five thousand years ago. Similar to the game boards earth (7) at Ur was the board discovered among the treasures in the bury (8) chamber of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen, from around 1500 BC.
Odd (9) enough, the Spanish adventure (10) Francisco Pizarro in the 16th century described the Aztecs in Mexico playing a game remark (11) like the Egyptians’ game backgammon. This similar (12) provides justify (13) to the hypothesis of the possible migrate (14) of early people who have come to the Americas from North Africa.
Backgammon’s popular (15) has risen and fallen through the ages. It can safely be assumed that such fluctuate (16) may be expected in the future.
5. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
POPULAR BOARD GAMES
I. MONOPOLY
Monopoly is the world’s best sell (1) game. It was actually invented by Elizabeth Magie, though it was Charles Darrow who started marketing it as his own create (2) in 1933. Despite its popular (3), few of us really know how to play it well. To be success (4) in this game you should persuasion (5) the others that the deal you need will be benefit (6) to them even though they may be interested only in win (7).
II. SCRABBLE
The second most popular game, Scrabble, was invented by an American cross-word fan, in 1948. This fascinate (8) word game is available in 30 languages in 121 countries. Despite its success, it has been lately design (9) to be more attract (10) to players. The essence (11) characteristic of a good Scrabble player is flexibility (12)thinking, therefore such individuals are expected to be comfortable with the coming modify (13) and are not particularly concerned with the new board look proposed by the design (14).
6. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами из предложенного списка.
THE PIANO
|
The piano represents the perfect example of a continuousinvention, which adapts itself (1) ___ to the evolution of culture. The piano’s oldest (2) ___ was the organum; it is thought to have been made, if not invented, in 10th-century Italy. It was destined to provide an (3) ___ to the human voice.
The piano – or, to give its full name, the pianoforte − has played a (4) ___role in European music since the (5) ___1700s. Its development can be traced back to an Italian harpsichord maker, Bartolomeo Cristofori, who had wanted for a long time to (6) ___ the mechanismsof two different instruments: the dulcimer, which relies on strings and hammers to (7) ___ its sound, and the harpsichord, whose music is produced through a keyboard.
In 1709, Cristofori (8) ___ implemented his idea, and the piano was born. The piano(9) ___ strikes a key on the keyboard that forces a hammer to strike a string, producing a note. The new instrument provided a player an opportunity to make his performance more (10) ___, since the strength of the note depended on that of the impact of the string. This idea seems (11) ___ to us today, but in 1709 it was revolutionary. In the beginning, the instrument must have been far from perfect, for when Voltaire listened to the sounds it produced he found them (12) ___ as compared to those of the harpsichord. Later many inventors endeavoured to improve Cristofori’s creation. The piano quicklybecame extremely popular, and (13) ___ efforts were made to improve it. Thus, foot pedals were added at the end of the eighteenth century. However, although pianos have been made in a wide (14) ___ of different shapes and sizes, today there are really two main types of the piano, the grand and the upright.
7.Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных двух вариантов.
THE ORIGINS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
The world’s first surviving/survived (1) photograph was taken in 1827 by a Frenchman called Niepce. Up to that point, it had been impossible to capture constantly/permanently (2) a living image, except/accept (3) in a painting or drawing. Niepce pointed his early camera at the window of his country home and produced an image. It wasn’t very clear/clean (4) and it took him eight hours in the bright sun, but theimage/imagination (5) still survives to this day.
Another Frenchman, Daguerre, heard about Niepce’s work and contacted/contracted (6) him. They became partners/counterparts (7) and worked together to create a new photographic process. This process was very completed/complicated (8) and demanded a great deal of skill. Despite the difficulties, it became very popular and soon people round the world were taking/making (9)daguerreotypes, as they were known.
In England, William Henry Fox Talbot had developed his own process/procedure (10) about the same time. His method allowed more than one copy to be made, whereas the daguerreotype could not be reduced/reproduced (11). This new technicality/technique (12) created all kinds of opportunities/facilities (13) for those brave enough to travel to remote/removed (14) locations and go into dangerous sites/situations (15).
By the 1880s, when American George Eastman produced the first Kodak camera/apparatus (16), the world was ready for mass/massive (17) photography. The Kodak camera had a roll of film inside/insight (18) and was easier to use than any previous camera. It was an instant/momentous (19) success and soon people were having their pictures taken as if it were the most ordinary/average (20) thing in the world.
8.Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
FAREWELL TO DARKNESS
No list of inventions could be exhaust (1) without daily life things being taken into count (2). It is obvious that few aspects of daily life would have been actuallyprove (3) if it had not been due to the fruit (4) of human thought. It took a lot of time and endeavor to invent such simple thing as matches, which at first seemed danger (5) to use and their stench was offense (6). The invention was very welcome, for it could relieve people from monotone (7) task of keeping a fire going permanent (8) in the home, which caused consider (9) difficulty.
Amaze (10), the history of matches began with alchemy (11)research: in his experiments, the German Hennig Brand succeeded in producing a mystery (12) thick liquid, which he hoped would turn into gold when it boiled. In this way phosphorus was discovered. However, the first ‘father’ of matches was the Englishman Robert Boyle, who found out in 1680 that thick paper covered with phosphorus would ignition (13) twigs covered in sulphur when they were rubbed on to it. This gave rise to other modify (14)of matches, which eventually resulted in the develop (15)the ones we are custom (16) to.
Another practice (17) improvement which signify (18) benefited our daily life took place at the beginning of the 20th century: street light (19), which was firstly done by means of gas, and then arc-lights. However, it was the industry (20) inventor of the electricity (21) light bulb, the American Thomas Alva Edison, who was to chase away the dark (22) once and for all from our houses and towns. Yet, according to some source (23), this invention is attributed to the Russian electricity (24) engineer Jablochkov.
9.Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами из предложенного списка.
HOW TELEVISION WAS INVENTED
|
Television owes its (1) ___ to many inventors. But it was the single-minded (2) ___ of an amateur inventor John Logies Baird that led to the first (3) ___ television broadcast.
Born in Scotland in 1888 and educated in Glasgow, Baird earned his (4) ___ as a razor-blade salesman. In the 1890s, Marconi showed that sound could be sent by radio waves. Baird became (5) ___ that a similar system could transmit a picture. He spent most of his (6) ___ time working on his ideas in his tiny workshop without any (7) ___ support. He had to use his (8) ___ to continue his research.
In 1924, Baird successfully transmitted the general (9) ___ of a figure for more than 3 meters. He continued to experiment, and on October 25, 1925 he transmitted a(10) ___ image of a doll. He ran downstairs and(11) ___ one of the office boys to come upstairs. The picture of this boy became the first living image (12) ___ by television. Baird became famous (13) ___ and the money that he needed to continue his research was at last made (14) ___. In 1927, he made a transmission from London to Glasgow and in 1928 he made it from London to New York. He continued experimenting and spent his last years (15) ___ the possibility of color television.
10.Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
GILLETEE, MEN’S BEST FRIEND
Cave draw (1) show that the earliest razors were shark’s teeth and clam shells. Sharp (2)flint was used where it could be found. The Egypt (3)6000 years ago made razors of solid gold. By the 18th century razors had developed into elaboration (4)devices. Nevertheless onepain (5) problem remained: men continued to cut themselves.
In 1762, a Frenchman named Jean-Jacques Perret found a way of protect (6) the shaver’s skin by attaching a safe (7) guard to the steel blade. Perret even wrote a book about shaving called The Art of Learning to Shave. However, his invention remained relativelyknow (8). As a result, millions of male chins still suffered the sequence (9) daily. One such chin belonged to King Capt Gillette, a traveling sale (10) from Wisconsin, the U.S. One of Gillette’s bosses was William Painter, theinventor of the dispose (11) bottle-cap. Painter told Gillette that he would become rich if only he invented “something which will be used and thrown away”. Custom (12)would have to come back and buy it again. The answer came to Gillette in front of his shave (13)mirror in 1895. He realized that only the straight edge of his old-fashionedrazor was doing any work. Why not substitution (14)a thin steel blade that could be held in a clamp and thrown away?
Finallythings began to improvement (15) when he met William Nickerson. Together they formed the American Safety Razor Company. They took out a patent in Boston in 1901. In 1903 they sold just 51 razors and 168 blades. They perseveredand by the end of 1904 they success (16) in selling 90,000 razors and 124,000,000 blades.
11.Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных двух вариантов.
THE CAN OPENER
It is difficult to imagine what life would be like today had the can opener not been invented. Without this simple little tool/instrument (1) that we take for gratitude/granted (2), how would we open cans? It is essential in providing us access to infinite/infinitive (3) advantages of canned goods including their variety/difference (4) and comfort/convenience (5) of usage.
Interestingly, metal cans to save/preserve (6) food had been existent/existence (7) for full fifty years before a device similar to the can opener we are famed/familiar (8) with was invented. Developed in England in1810, the first “tin canisters” were sometimes heavier than the food theycontent/contained (9). British soldiers in the War of 1812 opened canned ratios/rations (10) with bayonets, knives, or even rifles. On an Arctic expedition in 1824, British explorer Sir William Parry took along a can of veal, the instruction/introduction (11) to which read: “Cut round on the top with a chisel and hammer”.
Around the 1850s, Ezra J. Warner from Connecticut, derived/devised (12) a “can opener”. This opener was a composition/combination (13) of a bayonet and a sickle; if not used correctly, it could be lethal/fatal (14). Had the U.S. military not adopted this primitive can opener in the Civil War, the invention would soon have become instinct/extinct (15).
But, as the saying has it, necessity is the mother of invention. In 1870, William J. Lyman applied for a patent/pattern (16) for a device that was revolutionary in its concept/conception (17) and design. In 1931, the electric can opener was involved/introduced (18).
Now, that we are enjoyinglightweight cans and easy-to-use can openers we should evaluate/appreciate (19) the efforts involved in the evolution of this important invention, which did not occur/happen (20) overnight.
12. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
NYLON
It was only in the middle of the 20th century that sufficient advances in chemistry became appreciate (1)to general public with the emerge (2) of synthetic materials on the market. Nylon was the first synthetic fiber to be commerce (3).
Nylon was invented by an American chemistry (4), Julian Hill in the early 1930s. Other scientists prove (5) his invention and finally on 27 October 1938, it was introduced to the world. Nylon is cheap and duration (6) and immediately became a successful, special (7) in making ladies’ stockings, and later tights.
During the Second World War, and in many not so prosperity (8) countries a long time after it, a pair of nylon stockings looked like an attract (9)and welcome gift to women. But what is more importance (10), nylon is used to make parachutes and tyres and many other practice (11) things. Today, nylon is found in many things: fabrics, clothing, carpets, seat belts, computers, and even art (12)parts for the human body. It has been playing an important role in our lives for over 60 years since its invent (13).
13.Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных двух вариантов.
INVENTIONS IN SPORT
I. FRISBEE
Frisbee was created/invented (1) by students at the Yale University in the United States in1947. The first games were played with disks made from metal/metallic (2) tins used to bake cakes. They were provided/maintained (3) by a local baker named Joseph Frisbie, who had a draft/contract (4) to provide caring/catering (5) service to the university camp/campus (6).
In 1948, a company called/named (7) Wham-o wasachieved/approached (8) by a young American officer with a proposal to produce a same/similar (9)disc, but this time made of light plastic/plaster (10).Finally,after hearing about the origins/originality (11) of the game, the manufacturers decided/intended (12) to call their product Frisbee.
II. BASKETBALL
Theorigins of this sport lies in the American student’s dislike/unlike (1)of rugby. The name of thispeculiar/particular (2) student was James A. Naismith. After graduating/finishing (3) from college he went on to become aphysical educationinstructor/tutor (4) at a YMCA training school. He wanted to able to offer his class consisting/including (5) eighteen male students some kind of physical activity/action (6)which was not as violent as rugby.
In 1891 he asked the janitor to fix a couple/pair (7) of boxes to the balcony in the gym. The janitor happened to have no own/proper (8) boxes so he brought some fruit baskets/buckets (9) instead. The game, thus originating, quickly took off and spread to France, Canada and Australia. In 1904, it was induced/introduced (10) in the Olympics.
14. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами из предложенного списка.
NAMED AFTER THEIR CREATORS
|
I. In 1938, a Hungarian Lazlo Biro made the first ball-point (1) ___. In 1944, the American Army bought 30, 000 of biros so that soldiers could write with them in the rain.
II. A cardigan is a knitted (2) ___ opening down the front named after Earl of Cardigan, a British officer.
III. A colt is a (3) ___ invented by an American gun maker States Samuel Colt (1814-1862).
IV. Mackintosh (mac) was originally used to denote rubberized waterproof (4) ___ invented by a Scottish chemist Charles Mackintosh or a (5) ___made of it. Now both Mackintosh and Mac are rather obsolete and can be found only in literature.
V. A saxophone is a wind musical (6) ___ invented by Adolph Sax in 1840. A sousaphone is a large brass (7) named after Phillip Sousa, American band master and composer.
VI. A stetson is a wide brimmed(8) ___popular in the western American States. It was designed by an American hat maker John Stetson (1830-1903).
VII. Wellingtons (wellies) originally were (9) ___extending to the top of the knee in front and cut low in the back. It was popularized by Duke of Wellington. Nowadays Wellingtons, or wellies any waterproof (10) ___.
JOKES
· At local coffee bar, a young woman is expounding her ideas to her friends. “The man I marry must be a shining light among the company. He must be musical. Tell jokes. Sing. And stay at home”. An old granny overheard and spoke up, “Honey, if that’s all you want, get a TV”.
· If you really look like your passport photograph, the chances are you are not well enough to travel.
· Television is the device which has changed a generation of children from an irresistible force into immovable objects.
· – I play the piano by ear.
– What a coincidence. I listen the same way.
· – Good morning, I am the piano tuner.
– But I did not send for you.
– No, but the neighbours did.
· – Will the band play requests?
– Certainly.
– Then ask them to play chess.
· Nothing soothes me more after a long and maddening course of piano forte recitals than to sit and have my teeth drilled. (G.B. Shaw)
1.Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.