XV. Study the vocabulary notes read the text and discuss it with your group mates.

mill — мельница, фабрика, завод

to sit the Old Year out and the New Year in — провожают Старый год и встречают Новый год (за столом)

to let … out — выпускать

to let … in — впускать

race — гонка

announce­ment of the law — объявление закона

the stone of destiny — камень судьбы

to crown — короновать

to invade — вторгаться

BRITISH TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS

Every nation and every country has its own customs and traditions. In Britain traditions play a more important part in the life of the people than in other countries.

Englishmen are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. It has been the law for about three hundred years that all the theatres are closed on Sundays. No letters are delivered, only a few Sunday papers are published.

To this day an English family prefers ahouse with a garden to a flat in a modern house with central heating. English people like gardens. Sometimes the garden in front of the house is a little square cov­ered with cement painted green in imita­tion of grass and a box of flowers.

Holidays are especially rich in old tra­ditions and are different in Scotland, Ire­land, Wales and England. Christmas is a great English national holiday, and in Scotland it is not kept at all, except by clerks in banks; all the shops, mills and factories are working. But six days later, on New Year's Eve the Scotch begin to en­joy themselves. All the shops, mills and factories are closed on New Year's Day.

People invite their friends to their houses and "sit the Old Year out and the New Year in". When the clock begins to strike twelve, the head of the family goes to the entrance door, opens it wide and holds it until the last stroke. Then he shuts the door. He has let the Old Year out and the New Year in. Now greetings and small presents are offered.

A new national tradition was born in Britain. Every year a large number of ancient motor-cars and motor-cycles — sometimes described as Old Crocks — drive from London to Brighton. "Crocks" means something or someone who is "crocked up" — broken down and in bad condition. Englishmen keep up the old veterans. Vet­eran cars are those which were made be­fore the year 1904. Some cars look very funny. Some cars are driven by steam-en­gines (by boiling water and not by petrol). This run from London to Brighton is a colourful demonstration. People are dressed in the clothes of these times. The cars start from Hyde Park early in the morn­ing, the oldest cars are leading. It is not a race, and most of the cars come to Brighton, which is sixty miles from Lon­don, only in the evening. This demonstra­tion takes place on the day of the announce­ment of the law in 1896 which said that a man with a red flag must walk in front of every motor-car when it moved along the streets. These were the early days of motor-cars and people were afraid of them.

The Stone of Destiny

In Westminster Abbey there is alarge stone which has an interesting history. Leg­end says the stone was brought from Scotland. It was for a long time the seat on which the kings of Scotland sat when they were crowned. Duncan, Macbeth and Malcolm sat on this stone at their corona­tions. Edward I of England invaded Scot­land many times and once he brought the Stone of Destiny to England.

The legend says wherever this stone goes, a Scottish king rules. It proved to be true after the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603 when King James of Scotland be­came king of England and Wales too. The kings and queens of Britain still sit on this stone, but not on it alone. In the 13^th century King Edward I ordered to make an oak chair as a throne for the English coronations. The Stone of Destiny was fit­ted into the seat of the chair, and the king could sit on both the English throne and the Scottish stone at the same time. This stone is now in Westminster Abbey.

XVI. Questions for discussion:

1. Which of the British traditions is three hundred years old?

2. Does an English family prefer ahouse with a garden to a flat in a modern house with central heating?

3. How can you prove that English people are fond of gardening?

4. Do old tra­ditions differ in Scotland, Ire­land, Wales and England?

5. What do you know about Christmas celebration and New Year's Day in the UK?

6. What is a new national tradition born in Britain?

7. How do the British celebrate the “Old Crocks drive”?

8. What is the history of the stone of destiny?

9. Why is it so important for the king to sit on both the English throne and the Scottish stone at the same time?

10. Do the British traditions differ greatly from ours?

UNIT 8

The USA and Its People

I. Learn the new words and read the text “American Values and Beliefs”:

creed – кредо

haven – приют

the Founding Fathers – отцы-основатели

persist – упорствовать, сохраняться

proprietorship – собственность

frontier – граница

wilderness – глушь

devise – разработать

volunteerism – принцип добровольности

pervasive – повсеместный

abundance – изобилие

assumption – предположение

spaciousness – вместительность

war slogans – военные лозунги

segregation – изоляция

bar – преграждать

American Values and Beliefs

I’d like to say that having a particular race or creed or lifestyle does not identify one as American. However, there are certain ideals and values, which many Americans share.

Freedom

At the center of all that Americans value is freedom. Americans commonly regard their society as the freest and best in the world. They like to think of their country as a welcoming haven for those longing for freedom and oppor­tunity. They are proud to point out that even today America's immigration offices are flooded with hopeful applicants who expect the chance for a better life. Moreover, such news events provide continuity to Americans' perception of their history as being that of a nation populated by immigrants who exercised free choice in coming to the New World for a better life.

Americans' understanding of freedom is shaped by the Founding Fathers' belief that all people are equal and that the role of government is to protect each person's basic rights. The U.S. Constitution's Bill of Rights, ratified in 1791, assures individual rights, including provisions for freedom of speech, press, and religion.

The notion that America offers freedom for all is an ideal that unifies Americans and links present to past. Yet this ideal has not always corresponded to reality. Reality continues to demonstrate that some social groups and individuals are not as free as others. Because of religious, racial, sex, or age discrimination some Americans have not enjoyed the same rights and opportunities as others. In a real sense, American history is the history of groups and individuals struggling to attain the freedoms the Founding Fathers promised.

Individualism

Americans' notion of freedom focuses on the individual, and individualism has strong philosophical roots in America.

Individualism, understood not only as self-reliance but also as economic self-sufficiency, has been a central theme in American history. In the early days, most Americans were farmers whose success depended not on cooper­ation with others but on their ability to confront the hardships of land and climate on their own. Both success and virtue were measured by individual resourcefulness. The idealization of the self-reliant individual translated itself in the industrial age into the celebration of the small businessman, who became a financial success on his own.

Even in today's society, where most Americans work for large, complex organizations and few people can claim economic self-sufficiency, individualism persists. Individual proprietorship in business is still the ideal. Government regulation is often resisted in the spirit of individualism. "Right to work" laws, which discourage union activity, are defended on the grounds that they protect the independence of the individual worker.