B. Translate the abstract in cursive.

c. Explain the terms in English:

1. government	2. legal enforcement
3. trade union	4. administration
5. bureaucracy	6. public policies
7. organization	8. executive power
9. judiciary power	10. legislature
11. planning	12. budgeting
13. staffing	14. directing
15. coordination	16. reporting

d. Paraphrase the words with synonyms:

1. to provide security	2. human dignity
3. nexus	4. elitism
5. integral view	6. to conceptualise
7. to lay emphasis	8. public servant
9. commitment	10. optimum functioning

E. Fill in the gaps with prepositions consulting the text and make your own sentences with the phrases.

1. feedback is relayed __ the policy makers

2. public policies are responsive __ social needs

3. public administration concerns itself __ all activities

F. Draw a mind map of the text.

G. Write a 100-word summary of the text.

Speaking

Prepare a seven-minute presentation of a university program “The Bachelor of Public Administration”. Speak about course topics/career options and opportunities/peculiarities of the program in general. Specialize on one particular sphere a graduate of this program can work in, support your speech with an example of a successful alumnus, speak about their career path and achievements. Be ready to answer other students’ questions.

Reading 2

a. Read the text and discuss the following questions:

1. What administration can be considered efficient?

2. What is the role of administration in management?

3. Who is involved in admistration of a company?

4. What can poor administration result in?

5. What is the role of communication in admistrative work?

6. Why is administration linked to customer service?

7. What does the central admistrative department do?

8. What administrative policies are sometimes ignored by staff?

9. How can a policy be a motivation for staff?

10. What are advantages and disadvantages of written and oral policies?

11. What is a system in administration?

12. What is a procedure in administration?

13. Why is regular review of systems and procedures necessary?

14. How is a saying “what you will accept is what you will get” applied to administration?

15. What are the costs in administration?

16. What is the attitude of staff to administrator? Why?

17. How can administration enable all other business functions to achieve corporate and departmental objectives?

b. Complete the text with subheadings:

a) Standards

b) Costs

c) Systems and procedures

d) Policies

Administration: Bedrock for Organisational Success^{^[34]}

Administration provides the foundations upon which business functions are built. In any type and size of organisation in any sector, every employee is involved in basic administration. The purpose of administration is to enable all other business functions to achieve corporate and departmental objectives. Administrative activities are closely linked to customer service. The effect of poor standards of administration puts the public image at risk resulting in loss of clients (customers).

Every member of staff has a responsibility to ensure that administrative tasks are carried out accurately and on time. Inaccurate work by one person can create problems further down the line. It can also cause inconvenience to clients, resulting in a tarnished image and loss of profitability. Policies for key activities may be needed. Systems must be designed and procedures worked out in line with policies.

1.___

The needs of each business vary. The following list gives a few examples of policies that may be needed: Communication systems; Information and records; Human resources; Legal matters.

A central administration department may include monitoring and ordering supplies, transport, travel arrangements. Many managers now produce their own letters and emails. There should be a policy to ensure that all outgoing letters and emails to clients are checked for accuracy and presentation.

Policies should always be discussed and subsequently made known to the staff who are required to implement them and the staff affected by them. Some policies should be written especially when they involve finance and/or legal matters, including those relating to clients. Content must be clear, consistent and fair to all.

It is important to check that there is no overlap of policies that could cause confusion, or gaps that could provide a loophole for ignoring a policy. Standardisation of the process of creating policies, of wording, of presentation and informing staff is helpful. Not all policies need to be written. A sales department must have someone there throughout working hours so lunch breaks must be staggered. The manager can set this policy and inform staff by an email rather than a formal document.

The single most important policy in any organisation is communication. The policy should be corporate and apply to every employee. Effective, efficient, clear communication with clients, suppliers, staff in all departments and internal and external service people is fundamental to the smooth oiling of the wheels of business. The quality of services and products creates the reputation of an organisation, all to no avail if communication is poor and/or inadequate..

Lack of clearly defined policies from which stem systems and procedures leaves the door wide open for dissatisfaction, rumor and a 'them and us' attitude which may lead to poor motivation and poor industrial relations. To achieve effective, i.e., accurate and timely communication, training is essential, it is time and money well spent especially in a recession when there is constant change and anxiety.

Many managers resist written policies, considering them to be constraints against allowing people to use their judgment and initiative. This may be true in some instances and a decision has to be made on the need for a written policy. Whether written or not it must be monitored to ensure compliance.

2.__

A system is only as good as the people who work with it and only useful if it is kept up-to-date. With the ongoing development of technology, regular change is inevitable. Everyone must know what they may and may not do, at what points individual judgment may be used and what aspects of the system are sacrosanct. The method/s by which information is presented for processing necessarily affects the system which must be geared to the needs of the people who use it. Training to operate systems using the correct procedures is essential.

Procedures are the means by which systems are operated. When establishing or reviewing a system one looks at the whole spectrum. When establishing or reviewing procedures each step must be validated. A change in one tiny detail could well invalidate all the other details in a procedure. All systems and procedures should be designed to provide a standard method of achieving results, no matter who operates it. Individual initiative should not be stifled but certain rules must be followed to achieve consistency of action, standards and benefits. No individual should make changes without consultation and agreement of the people appointed to authorise changes.

Regular review of systems and procedures is essential even when they are working well. Whenever possible they should be designed to accommodate enlargement. New systems may be necessary and there may be a case for parallel systems to be run for a time, especially when electronic processing is involved. Dates for review should be set for suitable frequency.

Procedures can be in the form of checklists. A good checklist ensures that nothing is forgotten, the current stage of a task can be checked instantly and when a member of staff is absent, back up staff can check what, if anything, needs to be done and when. This saves time and ensures that lapses do not occur.

Many procedures involve the use of forms. A form has advantages over letters and emails. Items of information are on the same position on the paper or computer screen, making reference and comparison quick and easy. It is important to place instructions at the top of the first page with a note to read them before completing the form. The design of a form should be as simple as possible so that it can be completed quickly and accurately.

3.__

What you will accept is what you will get'. Perfect work is usually desirable but an unrealistic expectation. Legal documents, drug formulae, medical records and financial documents for example, require total accuracy and perfect presentation. It is important to determine what must be 100% perfect and what may be acceptable if it is a little below triple A. If an organisation requires suppliers to give details of their quality standards and control, it also has to live up to those standards.

The concept of TQM (Total Quality Management) is that everyone in the business is serving someone. Clients are top of the list but departmental staff within the organisation also need top quality service. The commitment of every staff member, no matter what their role, is essential.

4.__

Administration is regarded as non-productive and therefore non-profitable. Budgets are usually very severely constrained, resulting in failure to provide a top standard foundation on which the functions of an organisation rely. Costs must be constantly borne in mind. Costing a task, e.g., preparing policies, systems and procedures, highlights the need for the highest standards of work to be maintained from the outset. Duplication of work, constant changes to solve problems that evolve through lack of thought at the development stage, all create losses. It is cheaper to get things right in the first place, even if extra time has to be taken, than picking up pieces when a problem arises. Cross training of staff to provide backup, eg, for absence through illness or holidays, may cost but may ultimately save money as fewer staff may be needed. It should not be necessary for a client to be told that 'Fred is away today'. All administrative staff should know the organisation - its products and/or services, key people and what they are responsible for, its corporate objectives, image and culture. This is particularly important in jobs such as project liaison officer, telephone operator and receptionist.

Efficient administration is fundamental to the success of any organisation of any size in any place. It cannot lead a badly managed organisation into success but poor administration can spell its death knell.

c. Match words to make word combinations from the text: