To cure - вылечить curable - излечимый
Москва 2009
ББК 81.2 p. 30+81.2 АНГЛ.-923
К 89 УДК 802.0 (075.85)
К-89 Кузнецова О.В., Ковшило Д.Ф., Берзегова Л.Ю. Методические разработки по английскому языку для студентов I курса стоматологического факультета - М.: МГМСУ, 2009.
Корректура выполнена доц. Соломенцевой Л.Н.
Методические разработки предназначены для студентов 1 курса, продолжающих изучение английского языка на стоматологическом факультете. Их цель - привить студентам определенные навыки по технике перевода специальных текстов, а также развитие навыков устной речи.
Данные методические разработки входят в состав комплексного пособия для студентов I курса стоматологического факультета.
МГМСУ, 2007, 2009 (стереотипное издание) Кузнецова О. В., Ковшило Д.ф., Берзегова Л.Ю., 2009
THE INSTITUTE
Wordbuilding
-ist - суффикс существительного, обозначающего профессию
science - наука a scientist - ученый
Anatomy - анатомия an anatomist - анатом
1. Guess the meaning and translate:
Physiology - a physiologist
Biology - a biologist
Stomatology - a stomatologist
2.Translate the international words and the words of Latin origin:
a doctor and his patients
medicine and a medical man
social
laboratory
3.You'll come across these word combinations in the text:
to enter the Institute - поступить в институт
named after Semashko - имени Семашко
to treat the patients - лечить пациентов
to take examinations - сдавать экзамены
to attend lectures - посещать лекции
a hearty attitude - сердечное отношение
to perform laboratory - выполнять лабораторные
works - работы
4. Study the grammar-table Nos 1, 2, 3, 4.
5. Read the text and be able to answer the questions given below:
Many young people who care for medicine enter Medical Institutes and become students. We have entered the Moscow Medical Stomatological Institute named after Semashko. For two years the students learn the so-called pre-clinical subjects such as Anatomy, Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Biology. We study the social sciences and foreign languages. The medical students must work hard at all the subjects. They have practical classes in numerous theoretical and special subjects. To be a medical student means to spend afternoons in laboratories and evenings in the libraries. The students perform different laboratory works and attend lectures.
Medicine is more than science. All the doctors always treat the patients with great attention and care. Such a hearty attitude of the doctors to the patients helps much in their recovery.
We know that we shall need deep knowledge of Anatomy in our future work. Only hard work in the dissecting room will give us the possibility to gain this knowledge. That is why there are always many students in the dissecting room. There are two terms in the first year. Each of them lasts for about 16-18 weeks. At the end of the winter term we shall take examinations in Physics and Chemistry.
The winter holidays last from the end of January till the middle of February. It is necessary for us to work hard during the whole academic year if we want to pass our first examination session successfully.
1. What Institute must you enter if you want to become a stomatologist?
2. What subjects do students study at a Medical Institute?
3. What is the most human profession in the world?
4. Who enteers Medical Institute?
5. Where do medical students work?
6. How must students study to be a doctor?
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Listen to the tape-recording of the text and prepare the reading of it.
Ex. 2. Give English equivalents: анатомия, предмет, лечить пациента, медицина, наука, пациент, общественные науки, медицинский, стоматологический, лаборатория, здоровье, биология, химия, физиология, сердечное отношение, думать, понимать, поступать в институт.
Ex. 3. Put the verbs to be, to have in the correct form:
1. My father ... a doctor. He ... many patients in a hospital.
2. We ... no books on chemistry.
3. He ... a student of a Medical Institute.
4. My grandmother ... 60 years old and she.. in good health.
5. My friend ... a large family.
6. We ... at the laboratory now.
7. We ... a good laboratory at our Institute.
8. I a stomatologist in five years.
Lesson 1
THE STUDENTS LIFE
Wordbuilding
-able - суффикс, образующий прилагательные от глагола со значением "способный подвергаться соответствующему действию"
To cure - вылечить curable - излечимый
dis-, un- префиксы, выражающие отрицание
to like - любить to dislike - не любить
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Wordbuilding
-er, -or - суффикс, образующий существительные
to read - читать a reader - читатель
Wordbuilding
-ic - суффикс, образующий прилагательные от существительных
science - наука scientific - научный
1. Guess the meaning and translate:
anatomy- - anatomic
a microscope - microscopic
therapy - therapeutic
physiology - physiologic
orthopaedy - orthopaedic
2. Translate the international words and the words of Latin origin:
oral, dental arch, periodontal, to practice medicine, orthopaedy, membrane, microscopic structure, cure
3. You'll come across these words and word combinations in the text:
dental surgery - зубоврачебная хирургия
at the same time - одновременно
to describe - описывать
to deal with - обращаться, иметь дело с к/л, ч/л
a living being - живое существо
a gum - десна
4. Read the text and be able to answer some questions:
Medicine is a science and an art at the same time. Its aim is to treat (cure) and recognize different diseases. To get the necessary knowledge, the medical students have to study various branches of medical science. They attend lectures on Anatomy, Histology, Biology, Physiology, Microbiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and other subjects.
At the Stomatology institutes the students of the senior years attend lectures on special subjects, for example: on dental surgery (stomatological surgery), dental therapy (stomatological therapy), orthopaedy, general surgery, pathological physiology and anatomy.
Anatomy is the science or branch of knowledge that deals with the parts and structure of human or animal bodies. Anatomy of man describes the structure of the human body.
Physiology is the science of the functions or actions of living organisms in their gross or minute structures. Physiology seeks out and tells what each part of the body does. In other words: Anatomy discloses what is present,. Physiology tells how it works (functions). Pathology explains why it doesn't work (diseases), Histology or Microscopic Anatomy is the science which deals with microscopic structure of animal tissues. Biology is the science of life, the study of living beings. Stomatology is the science which deals with human teeth, gums, dental arches, mucous, fibrous and periodontal membranes of the oral cavity. The knowledge of the structure and functions of the human organism is necessary to those who practice medicine. In order to get
knowledge in various fields of medicine, medical students attend lectures of their professors, they dissect corpses, animals, examine organic tissues under the microscope, and make experiments on aminals. One who devotes himself to science and pursues studies in some branches of knowledge is a
scientist. A professor is one who publicly teaches and delivers lectures on any branch of science. Those who attend lectures at a university or an institute are students. A physician is a medical man who treats and cures diseases.
1. Is medicine a science and an art at the same time?
2.What does Anatomy describe? '
3.What does Physiology seek out?
4.What science deals with human teeth?
5.Who treats patients?
EXERCISES
Ex. I. Listen to the tape-recording of the text and prepare the fast reading of it.
Ex. 2. Give English equivalents:
лечение и распознавание болезней, приобретать знания, отрасли медицинской науки, посещать лекции, биохимия, фармакология, стоматологическая хирургия, ортопедия, иметь дело с чем-либо, ставить опыты на животных.
Ex. 3. Choose the correct form of the verb and translate:
1. The students (attend, are attended) lectures on Anatomy every day.
2. The structure of the human body (is described, describes) in the text-book of Anatomy.
3. Eight experiments (were made, made, was made) by these students yesterday.
4. This professor (delivers, is delivered, delivered) lectures on Biology.
5. This dangerous disease (was recognized, were recognized) by the physician some days ago.
Ex. 4. Translate from Russian:
1. Те студенты, которые посещают лекции регулярно, сдают экзамены успешно.
2. Эта лекция по гистологии была прочитана на высоком научном уровне.
3. Он был врачом несколько лет назад, а теперь занимается только наукой.
4. Стоматология имеет дело с зубами человека, деснами, слизистой, фиброзной и периодонтальными оболочками ротовой полости.
5. Эти опыты будут сделаны студентами завтра.
Ex. 5. Answer the following questions and check your answers:
1. What is medicine?
2. What is the aim of medicine?
3. How do the students acquire the necessary knowledge of medicine?
4. What lectures do the students of the senior years of Stomatology Institutes attend?
5. What does Histology deal with?
6. What is Physiology?
7. What does Stomatology deal with?
8. Who is a physician?
Lesson 6
THE TEETH
1. Guess the meanings of the words of Latin and Greek origin:
the incisors, the canines, the molars, the premolars, a tubercle , lateral, medial, substance, a foramen, to be composed of, anterior, posterior.
2. Study the pictures and name the dental structures of the tooth and its parts:
Parts of the Tooth:Dental Tissues:
1. a crown 1.the enamel
2. a neck 2. the dentine
3. a gum 3. the cement
3. a root 4. the pulp
3. While reading the text pay your attention to the use of the
Infinitive as attribute: give the correct translation of them.
1. The first deciduous tooth to erupt is one of the incisors.
2. The first permanent tooth to erupt is one of the molars.
THE MOUTH CAVITY
Wordbuilding
-sub - префикс, указывающий на положение ниже чего-либо
lingual - язычный sublingual - подъязычный
1.Guess the meanings and translate:
group - группа subgroup -
division - деление subdivision -
maxillary - челюстной submaxillary -
mandibular - нижнечелюстной submandibular -
cutaneous - кожный subcutaneous -
conscious - сознание subconscious -
normal -нормальный subnormal -
structure - структура substructure -
title - заголовок subtitle -
2. Try to remember these word combinations before reading the text:
to be subjected to - подвергаться
the prime organs - главные органы
alveolar ridges - альвеолярные отростки
insalivation - смачивание слюной
deglutition - глотание
to be invested - быть погруженным
to pour saliva - изливать слюну
to extend - простираться
dentition - ряд зубов
3. Look at the picture and show the accessory organs of the digestive system:
1 the gum
2 the tongue
3 the sublingual glands
4 the lips
5 the incisors
6 the canines
7 the premolars
8 the molars
9 the wisdom tooth
4. Read the text and be ready to answer some questions:
The mouth is an oval-shaped cavity situated at the beginning of the alimentary canal. In the mouth there are the teeth, tongue, and alveolar ridges, invested by the gum. The secretions of the parotid, submaxillary and sublingual glands are poured into the mouth cavity and in it the food is subjected to the processes of mastication and insalivation previous to deglutition. The teeth are the prime organs of mastication, and are implanted in the alveolar cavities.
A tooth is composed of four distinct structures:
1. The pulp occupying the chamber in the crown.
2. The dentine which constitutes the bulk of the organ.
3. The enamel which forms the protection of the crown.
4. The cementum which covers the root.
The teeth of the first dentition are termed deciduous or temporary teeth.
The temporary teeth are replaced by the permanent teeth. The anatomical divisions of a tooth are:
1. the crown or exposed part situated above the gum;
2. the root occupying the alveolar cavity of the socket;
3. the neck which is between the crown and the root.
The temporary teeth are twenty in number, ten in each jaw, namely: four incisors, two canines and four molars.
The permanent teeth are thirty two in number, sixteen to each jaw, namely: incisors - four, canines - two, premolars - four, molars - six. The third or last molar is called the wisdom tooth.
The incisors occupy the anterior central part of each maxillary arch. The function of this class of teeth is to cut the food.
The canine teeth are situated next to the incisors, two to each jaw. These teeth are for tearing the food.
The premolars, four to each jaw, are next to the canine teeth. They have two distinct cusps on their surfaces.
The molars occupy the posterior part of the alveolar arch and are six on each jaw. The function of the premolars and molars is to grind the food during mastication.
1. What sets of teeth do you know?
2. How many deciduous teeth are there on each jaw?
3. How many permanent teeth are there on each jaw?
4. Where is the mouth situated?
5. What classes of teeth are there?
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Listen to the tape-recording of the text and prepare the fast reading of it.
Ex. 2. Give English equivalents:
овально-очерченная полость, секреция, жевание, ячейка, челюстная дуга, бугорок, разрезать пищу, первый ряд зубов, глотание, подвергаться, размалывать пищу.
1. The mouth cavity is situated ... the beginning ... the alimentary canal.
2. The tongue, teeth and the alveolar ridges are ... the mouth cavity.
3. The teeth are the prime organs ... mastication.
4. The enamel forms the covering and protection ... the crown.
5. The incisor teeth are used ... cutting the food.
6. The premolars have two distinct cusps ... their grinding surfaces.
Ex. 3 Give the correct forms of the verbs.
1. The patient (to examine) by the doctor tomorrow.
2. The teeth (to implant) in the jaw bones.
3. The roots of the upper wisdom tooth (to unite ) form one root.
4. We (to ask) by our professor to diagnose the case.
5. The food (to grind) during mastication by the teeth.
6. The secretion (to pour) by salivary glands.
Ex. .4 Translate the text without a dictionary:
The mouth is a part of the digestive system. There are the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands in the mouth. The cavity of the mouth is divided into two portions: the vestibule and the cavity proper. The vestibule of the mouth is a space bounded by the lips and cheeks. The lips and cheeks contain the mimic muscles. The oral cavity proper is bounded by the hard and soft palates. The hard palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. The mucous membrane covers the lips, and cheeks to the alveolar processes of the jaws. In the mouth the food is ground by the teeth and mixed with water, mucous and other secretions of the salivary glands. Saliva has the direct influence on the teeth and provides an optimal level of metabolic activity in the body. There are many salivary glands in the mouth; three principal pairs are recognized: the sublingual glands, submaxillary glands and parotids. The salivary glands regulate the water supply of the body.
Ex. 5. Answer the questions and check your answers:
1. What organs are there in the mouth cavity?
2. What does the mucous membrane cover?
3.What place do the molars (canines, incisors) occupy in the mouth cavity?
Lesson 8
DENTAL TISSUES
Wordbuilding
-ive - суффикс, образующий прилагательные со значением "способный на ч/л"
to form - образовывать formative - образовательный
to talk - разговаривать talkative - разговорчивый
1. Choose the right Russian equivalent:
EXPRESSIVE 1. Выраженный
2. выражаемый
3. выразительный
DECISIVE 1. решенный
2. решительный
3. решающий
CONNECTIVE 1. соединительный
2. соединенный
3. соединяемый
DIRECTIVE 1. направляющий
2. направляемый
3. направленный
2. Translate the international words and the words of Latin and Greek origin:
a function, to protect, substance, the gingiva, a process, compact, the characteristic form, implanted, friction, tactile.
3. You'll come across these word combinations in the text:
dental tissues - зубные ткани
supporting tissues - поддерживающие ткани
exposed tissues - незащищенные ткани
to wear - носить, изнашивать(ся)
to resemble - напоминать
beyond the border - выше границы (над границей)
amount - количество
to overlap - перекрывать
to fasten - прикреплять
suspensory mechanism - поддерживающий механизм
to give rise to smth. - дать начало ч.-л.
Wordbuilding
-ly - суффикс, образующий наречие
deep - глубокий deeply – глубоко
1. Guess the meaning of the adverbs and translate them:
anterior - anteriorly loud - loudly
posterior - posteriorly quick - quickly
name - namely bad - badly
vertical - vertically happy - happily
wide - widely careful .- carefully
2. Translate the words of Latin origin:
the canine fossa, the orbit, a depression, internal, external, the first bicuspid teeth, tuberosity, to perforate, to occupy, a pyramid.
3. Make the Grammar analysis of the following sentences. Translate them:
1. The superior maxillary bones, being knit together on the median line of the face, are of very irregular form.
2. The facial surface is directed forwards, the lower border being more protruded than the upper one.
3. Being perforated by small holes the posterior surface transmits nerves and blood vessels to the molar teeth.
4. Pay your attention to these word combinations:
the floor of the orbit - основание глазницы
the nares - носовая полость
to enter into the formation - принимать участие в
формирования
something like - подобно
to bound, boundary - ограничивать, граница
5. Study the picture.
1the nasal notch
2 the infra-orbital foramen
3 the median line
4 the facial surface
5 the zygomalic process
6 the infra-orbital surface
7 the orbital surface
8 the canine fossa
9 the frontal process
10 the alviolar arches
6. Read the text and be ready to answer some questions:
The bones of the face consisting of the mandible and the superior maxillary bones form much of the anterior portion of the face. The superior maxillary bones are closely knit together except the mandible which is movable. The superior maxillary bones, being knit together on the median line of the face, are two in number, and of very irregular form.
They occupy the anterior upper part of the face and consist of a
body and processes. Being the largest bones of the face except the
mandible, they enter into the formation of three cavities, namely: the orbit,
the mouth and the nares.
The body is the central part of the bone. The body is shaped something like a pyramid and exhibits four surfaces, namely: the external or facial, the posterior or zygomatic, the superior or orbital and the internal or palatine.
The facial surface is directed forwards and vertically, the lower border being more protruded than the upper one. This surface presents a depression just above the canine and the first bicuspid teeth. It is called the canine fossa. Above the canine fossa, there is the infra-orbital foramen for the nerve of the same name.
The zygomatic surface is situated posteriorly forming the anterior boundary of the zygomatic fossa. Between it and the facial surface there is a well-developed ridge extending from the molar region to the base of the zygomatic process.
The posterior surface has a bulging called tuberosity. It is connected with the palate bones and bounds the antrum behind. Being perforated by three or four small holes the posterior surface transmits nerves and blood vessels to the molar teeth.
The orbital surface of the superior maxillae forms the greater part of the floor of the orbit.
1. What are the main bones of the face?
2. What bone is movable?
3. What bones are knit together?
4. Where are the superior maxillary bones situated?
5. Where is the canine fossa situated?
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Listen to the tape-recording of the text and prepare the fast reading of it.
Ex. 2. Give English equivalents:
углубление, быть просверленным, хорошо развитый гребень, лицевая поверхность кости, инфра-орбитальное отверстие, основание глазницы, небная поверхность, зубной канал, отросток, нижняя челюсть.
Ex. 3. Translate, paying attention to the Participles and their functions:
1. Being the central part of the superior maxillae the body has four surfaces.
2. Knowing English, you will be able to read and translate English articles on medicine in the riginal.
3. The depression called "the canine fossa" is situated above the canine teeth.
4. A bulging of the posterior surface being connected with the palate bones bounds the antrum ehind.
5. The child having a high temperature refused to take food till evening.
6. Acquiring the knowledge of the structure and functions of the human body, the medical students learn how to recognize diseases.
7. The body of the superior maxillary bones being shaped like a pyramid, has four surfaces.
8. There is a well developed ridge between the zygomatic fossa and the facial surface.
9. Undertaking a practical course medical students act as doctors' assistants.
10. Everything done, we went home.
Ex. 4. Insert the necessary word:
1. The superior maxillary bones are of avery ... form.
2. The body is the ... part of the bone.
3. There is ... just above the canine teeth called ……
4. There is the ... foramen for the nerve of she same name.
5. The posterior surface transmits ... and to the molar teeth,
Ex. 5. Answer the questions and check your answers:
1. How many superior maxillary bones are there?
2. Where are the superior maxillary bones knit together?
3. What part of the face do they occupy?
4. What do they consist of?
5. What cavities do the superior maxillary bones form?
6. What is the central part of the bone?
7. What form has the body?
8. How many surfaces has the body?
9. What surface has the canine fossa?
10. Where is the infra-orbital foramen situated?
11. What is there on the posterior surface?
Ex. 6. Read the text "The Maxillary Bones" and answer the question: "What surface has the infra-orbital groove?"
The superior maxillary bones by their union form the arch of the upper jaw and each bone presents for examination a body and four processes, e.g. zygomatic, frontal, alveolar and palatal.
The superior maxillary bones are the largest of the face except the mandible.
The body is the central part of the bone and has four surfaces.
The external surface is irregularly convex and has the so called "canine fossa".
The nasal surface forms the lateral boundary of the nasal cavity.
At the lower aspect of the zygomatic surface there is the "maxillary tuberosity" and the posterior dental vessels and nerves enter the bone.
The superior face of the bone has the infra-orbital groove, which, passing forwards, becomes canalised and divided into two branches, one terminating in the infra-orbital foramen; whilst the smaller branch transmits the anterior dental nerves and vessels to the front teeth of the upper jaw.
Lesson 10
ТНE MANDIBLE
1. Listen to the following words and word combinations and learn their meanings before reading the text:
a pair of rami, a coronoid process, a condyloid process, to surmount, a consti icted part, a symphysis menti, an outer surface, convex, concave.
2. Study the picture and remember the following expressions:
1.the condyloid process -мыщелковый отросток;
2. the mandibular notch - нижне-челюстная вырезка;
3. the coronoid process -венечный отросток;
4. the mandibular foramen -нижне-челюстное отверстие;
5. the upper border of the mandible -верхняя граница нижней челюсти;
6. the lower border of the mandible -нижняя граница нижней челюсти;
7. the mental foramen -подбородочное отверстие;
8. the outer surface of the mandible -внешняя поверхность нижней челюсти;
9. the inner surface of the mandible -внутренняя поверхность нижней челюсти.
3. Pay your attention to the use of the Complex Subject in these sentences.
Translate them:
1. The upper part is known to be called the alveolar part.
2. The lower border is known to be the base of the mandible.
4. Read the text and be ready to answer some questions:
The mandible lies below the anterior part of the cranium and is the skeleton of the lower part of the face. It has the body and a pair of flat, broad rami, which stand up from the posterior part of the body.
Each ramus is surmounted by two processes: the anterior is named the coronoid process, and the posterior is the condyloid one. The condyloid process has an articular part called the head.
The right and left halves of the body of the mandible are united
together in the medial plane in front. Their junction is called the
symphysis menti. The halves of the mandible are joined together by
fibrous tissue at birth, but they are fused together into one bone during
the second year. Each half of the body of the mandible has an outer
and inner surface and an upper and a lower border. The surfaces
slope so that the lower border makes a wider arch than the upper border.
The upper pan is known to be called the alveolar part because it is occupied by a row of alveoli, those are the sockets for the teeth. On each side the sockets for the two incisors, the canine and two premolars are single but for the three molars are double, for each mandibular molar has two roots: anterior and posterior. The lower border is known to be the base of the mandible. The outer surface is slightly convex, but has a depression alongside the symphysis below the incisor teeth. The mental foramen is seen on the outer surface of the mandible. The inner surface is convex and concave at different parts. There is a shallow depression called the submandibular fossa.
The mandibular foramen leads into a canal which runs in the substance of the bone and carries the vessels and nerves for the teeth.
The mandible is the only bone of the face which has movement. The temporamandibular joint is known to make a wide range of mandibular motion. This joint consists of two joints on either side of the mandible, which articulates with temporal bones on either side of the head. The mandible serves as the attachment of the elevator muscles which consist of the masseter, temporal and internal pterygoid muscles.
1. What is the mandible?
2. What parts does the mandible consist off
3. What part is called the alveolar one?
4. What bone of the face has movement?
EXERCISES
Ex. I. Listen to the text and prepare the fast reading of it.
Ex. 2. Give English equivalents;
передний, задний, верхний, нижний, ветвь, отростки, венечный отросток, суставный отросток, наружная поверхность, внутренняя поверхность, соединение, подбородочный шов, отверстие, объединять, подъязычная ямка,
Ex. 3. Choose the necessary preposition.
1. The head of the condilyloid process is supported neck.
2. The ramiare united together ... fibrous tissue ... birth
3. The mental foramen is seen ... outer surface of the mandible.
4. The upper part is occupied ... a row alveoli.
5. The alveoli are the sockets ... the teeth.
6. The mandible has a pair ... broad rami.
7. The mandibular foramen leads ... a canal which carries the vessels and nerves ... the teeth.
by, at, on, in, with, from, for, of, into
Ex, 4. Translate paying attention to the Complex Subject.
1. The mandible is known to be the largest bone of the face.
2. The cement is known to be a modified bone.
3. The symphysis is said to be the junction of two rami.
4. The doctor is expected to come at five.
5. The great Russian physiologists Sechenov and Pavlov are known to have established the basic principles of the physiology of the nervous system.
Ex. 5. Translate.
1. Нижняя челюсть является самой большой костью лица.
2. Каждая ветвь нижней челюсти увенчена двумя отростками:
суставным и венечным.
3. Суставной отросток имеет галовку.
4. Нижняя граница является основанием челюсти.
5. Верхняя часть нижней челюсти называется альвеолярной
частью.
Ех 6. Answer the questions and check your answers:
1. Where does the mandible lie?
2. How many processes is each ramus surmounted by?
3. What is the junction of the two halves of the mandibie called?
4. What is the base of the mandible?
5. What parts has the condyloid process?
Lesson 11
MOSCOW
Moscow is the capital of Russia its political, economic , commercial and cultural centre. It was founded 8 centuries ago by PrinceYuri Dolgoruky. Historians have accepted the year of 1147 as the start of Moscow's history. Gradually the city became more and more powerful. In the 13th century Moscow was the centre of the struggle of Russian lands for the liberation from the tartar yoke. In the 16th century under Ivan the Terrible Moscow became the capital of the new united state. Though Peter the Great moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1712 . Moscow remained the heart of Russia. That is why it became the main target of Napoleon's attack. Three-quarters of the city was destroyed by fire during Napoleo n's occupation but by the mid-19th century Moscow had been completely restored. After the October revolution Moscow became the capital again.
Now Moscow is one of the largest cities in Europe. Its total area is about nine
hundred square kilometres (ancient Moscow occupied the territory of the present-day
Kremlin). The population of the city is over 12 million , plus some three million guests
coming annually.
Moscow is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. It has more historic associations than any other place in Moscow. On the territory of the Kremlin you can sее old cathedrals , the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great the Palace of Congresses , the Tzar-Cannon and the Tzar-Bell.
There are a lot of beautiful palaces old mansions, cathedrals, churches and monuments in Moscow. This year marks a significant national event for Muscovites and all Russian citizens - the jubilee celebration of Moscow's 850th anniversary. In 1994 the jubilee was approved by Presidential decree. Since then an intensive and widespread programme of restoration has enabled a rebirth for the City of Moscow. The recriation of the magnificent Christ the Saviour Cathedral is in full swing. Red Square's Kazansky Cathedral, Voskresenskv Gate and the Iverskaya Chapel have been restored. The majestic Monument of Victory on Poklonnava Hill has added to the capital's beauty. Across the city, churches, theatres , railway terminals anu monuments of history. Culture and architecture have been renovated in preparation for this sigatificant and historical year.
Moscow is famous for its museums and theatres. There are more than museums in Moscow. The largest museums are the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the State Tretyakov Gallery. The Tretyakov Art Gallery has the richest collection of Russian and Soviet fine arts. Its 50 rooms are hung with pictures of marvelous beauty.
Other unique museums in Moscow include the All-Russian Museum of Folk Arts the Andrei Rublev Museum of Early Russian Art , Alexei Bakhrushin Theatre Museum Mikhail Glinka Museum of Musical Culture and many others.
There are many theatres in Moscow The Bolshoi Theatre enjoys the greates popularity. Grand and majestic building is a masterpiece of Moscow classicism. Its history is part of the history of Russian operatic and ballet art. F.Chaliapin . L .Sobinov. and many other famous singers appeared on its stage. The Bolshoi Ballet has won world fame.
The Maly Theatre is just as famous. It had its first season m 1824. Having gained fame with its productions of plays by Griboyedov, Gogol and Ostrovsky the theatre continues to play an outstanding part in Russian's cultural life. Drama theatres and studios are also very popular
Moscow is the seat of the Russian Parliament (the Duma) and the centre of political life of the country.
Moscow is the city of students. There are over 80 higher educational institutions in it, including several universities.
Vocabulary.
to accept [ək'sept]принимать, допускать
tartar yoke [ta:tə 'jouk ]татарское иго
target [ta:git]мишень, цель, объект
to restore [ris't'ə]реставрировать, восстанавливать
masterpiece [ma:stə pi:s]шедевр
mansion [manʃn] особняк
unique [ju:'ni:k]уникальный, единственный в своем роде
studio студия, театр-студия
grand [grænd]величественный
classicism классицизм
higher educational institution высшее учебное заведение
jubilee ['dʒu:bili:]юбилей
Names.
Ivan the Terrible [aivn ʓ'teibl]Иван Грозный
Napoleon [nə'pouliən] Наполеон
the Tzar-Cannon [za:(tsa:)'kænən] Царь-пушка
the Tzar-Bell [za:(tsa:)'bel] Царь-колокол
Kazan [kə'zæn] Казань
the Christ [kraist] Saviour [seivjə] Cathedral - храм Христа Спасителя
Questions.
1. When was Moscow founder?
2. Who was the founder of Moscow?
3. Is there a monument to Yuri Dolgoroky in Moscow? Where is it?
4. When did Moscow become the capital?
5. In 1712 the capital war moved to St.Petersburg , wasn't it?
6. When did Moscow become the capital again?
7. Was ancient Moscow a big city? What's the total area of modern Moscow?
8. What's the population of Moscow ?
9. What places of inters in the centre of Moscow do you know?
10. What can you see on the territory of the Kremlin?
11. What are the most famous Moscow museums?
12. What theatres in Moscow do you know?
What is thus year famous for?
13. What is your favorite place in Moscow?
GREAT BRITAIN
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands. Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244,000 square kilometres
The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast respectively. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland But in every day speech "Great Britain" is used to mean the United Kingdom
The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The Western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea
The surface of the British Isles varies very much The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, white the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains-is called the Lowlands The north and the west of England are mountainous, but all the rest - east, centre and south-east - is a vast plain Mountains are not very high Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343 m)
There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long The Severn is the longest river, .while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.
The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round, but very changeable. That is why it is natural for the English to use the comparison "as changeable as the weather" of a person who often changes his mood or opinion about something.
The English also say that they have three variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long. The most unpleasant aspect of English weather is fog and smog. This is extremely bad in big cities and especially in London
The UK is one of the world's smaller countries Its population is over 57 million About 80% of the population is urban.
The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding
The UK is a constitutional monarchy 1л law, the Head of State is the Queen, but her power is limited. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers the House of Lords and the House of Commons
There are three main political panics in Great Britain the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties The Conservative party is the ruling рапу nowadays.
VOCABULARY
respectively [ri spektivli] соответственно vast [va:st] огромный
mountainous ['mauntinəs] гористый
plain [plein] равнина
urban [ə:bən]городской
to rule [ru:l] управлять
parliament [pa:ləmənt] парламент chamber [tʃembə] палата
NAMES
the British Isles [ailz] Британские острова Edinburgh [edinbərə] Эдинбург
Cardiff [ka:dif] Кардифф
Belfast [bel'fa:st] Белфаст
Highlands [haiəndz] гористая часть
Ben Nevis [ben nevis] Бен Невис
the Severn [sevən] Северн
The Thames [temz] Темза
QUESWUNS
1. The UK is an island stale, isn't it? Where is it situated?
2. What countries is the UK made of? What are their capitals?
3. The surface of the British Isles varies very much, doesn't it?
4. What is the north of Scotland called? What is the south of Scotland called?
5. What is the highest mountain in Scotland?
6. What is the deepest river in Great Britain?
7. Why is the climate of the British Isles mild?
8. What comparison do the English use when want to describe a person whose mood and opinion changes very often?
9. How often does it rain m England?
10. Is the UK large country?
11. What is the UK's population?
12. The UK is a highly developed industrial country. What does it produce and export?
13. The UК is a constitutional monarchy. What does u mean?
A FEW FACTS FROM EARLY ENGLISH HISTORY
(additional reading)
The first settlers in Britain belonged to the Celtic tribes which, before their arrival in Britain had spread over what is now Germany. France and Spam These first Celtic invaders are known as the Goidels and their language survives m some parts of Ireland and Scotland
About two centuries later a new wave of Celtic tribes known аз Britons landed on the shores of Britain. In 55 В. С. Julius Caesar landed with his troops on the shores of Britain then Britain was conquered by Rome Their rule over Britain lasted for about four centuries During this period a considerable part of the land was cleared for cultivation, many new towns grew up and 3number of forts were built
Britain now a Roman province was frequently troubled by the Picts and Scots But in the fifth century other enemies appeared. These were Germanic tribes the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes.
The isolation of the .Angles, the Saxons and Jutes from the continental Germanic tribes actually led to the formation of the English nationality. The dialects of these tribes had so much in common that the tribes could easily understand each other, and they called this common language "Englisc" (English).
The time of the invasion of Britain by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes is considered to be the real beginning of the history of the English language
VOCABULARY
tribe [traib] племя
invader [in veidə] завоеватель
Goidels [gɔidels] гойделн
Celtic [ keltik] кельтский
the Angles [æŋgləs]англы
the Saxons [sæks(ə)ns] саксы
the Jutes [ʤu:ts] юты
isolation [aiso leiʃən] изоляция invasion [in veiʒən] вторжение
LONDON
London is the capital of Great Britain, it's political, economic and commercial centre U is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe Us population is about 8 million.
London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in the world, more then twenty centuries old It was first mentioned by the Romans The Romans, the Saxons and the Danes sealed here in turn, and after them came the Normans With the passing years London continued to grow up in importance and its position as the seat of government was firmly secured London has buildings that express all the different areas of its history, for it manages in a unique way to reflect its past and at the same time to fulfil the functions of a modem, city
Traditionally it is divided into several pans the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End They are very different from each other and seem to belong to different towns end epochs.
The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and the Old Bailey Few people live here, but over a million people come to the City to work There are some famous ancient buildings within the City Perhaps the most striking of them is St Paul's Cathedral the greatest of English churches. It was built in the 17-th century by Sir Christofer Wren. It stands on a hill and the gold ball and cross at the top can be seen on a fire day from almost any spot of London The Tower of London was founded by Julius Caesar and in 1066 rebuilt by WiUiam the Conqueror He built it right at the gates of the City to keep the unruly Londoners in tear Later the kings began to use it as a royal residence They used to spend a night before coronation there Now it is a museum
Westminster is the historic, the governmental part of London
Westminster Abbey has more historic associations than any other building in Britain Nearly all English kings and queens have been crowned here The Oldest pan of the building dates back to the 8-th century, the abbey is famous for its architecture, some of the
monuments and tombs are decorated with gold and precious metals. Many outstanding
statesmen, scientists, writers, poets and painters are buried here: Newton, Darwin, Chaucer,
Dickens, Tennyson, Kipling, etc.
Across the road from Westminster Abbey is the Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Parliament. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big hour bell, known as "Big Ben"
Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen.
The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London It is the symbol of wealth and luxury The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs and theatres are situated there There are splendid houses and lovely gardens belonging to wealthy people.
Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London It was named in memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805 The tail Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square.
On the north side of Trafalgar Square is the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery Not far away is the British Museum - the biggest museum in London. It contains a priceless collection of ancient manuscripts, coins, sculptures, etc, and is famous for its library
As we know the name of the West End is associated with wealth white the East End is "the hands of London", which have created the brightness and wealth of the West End. It is the poorest district of London There are a lot of factories, workshops and docks here The streets are narrow, !he buildings are unimpressive. The East End is densely populated by working class families
Londoners love traditions and it is considered that London has preserved them to a greater extent than anv other city in England Also the traditions associated with royal events attract many tourists into the country, thus bringing currency Their love of traditions can be observed in practically all aspects of life and behavior.
VOCABULARY
commercial [kə mə:ʃəl] торговый
epoch [i:pɔk] эпоха
financial [fai nænʃel]финансовый
to crown [kraun] короновать
to bury [beri] хоронить
wealth [welθ] богатство
luxury роскошь
priceless [ praislis] бесценный
manuscript [ mænjuskript] рукопись
to be famous for [ feiməs] быть знаменитым , славиться
unimpressive невпечатляюший, невыразительный
densely [densl] густо
NAMES
the Stock Exchange [stɔks't ʃeindʓ] Лондонская фондовая биржа
the Old Bailey [ beili] Центральный уголовный суд в Олд-Бейли
St Paul's Cathedral [sənt pɔ:lz kə θi:drəl] собор св.Павла (главный собор английской церкви)
Sir Christoter Wren [' sə: kristəfə ren] Кристофер Peн
Julius Caesar [dʒu:liəs si:zə] Юлий Цезарь
Willial the Conqueror [kɔŋkərə]Вильгельм Завоеватель, Вильгельм 1 (первый король из норманнов в Англии)
Westminster Abbey [ westmninstə æbi] Вестминстерское аббатство
Buckingham Palace Букингемскнй Дворец (главная королевская резиденция в Лондоне)
Trafalgar Square [trəfælge skweə] Трафальгарская площадь
QUESTIONS
1 What is the capital of Great Britain?
2 What is the population of London?
3 Traditionally London is divided into several pans Can you name them0
4 What do you know about the City?
5 Who was St Paul's Cathedral built by?
6. Who founded the Tower of London? When was it rebuilt?
7 What is the historic, the governmental part of London?
8 What building has more historic associations than any other building in London?
9. What is Big Ben?
10 Can you describe Trafalgar Square?
11 Where do the working people of London live?
12. What are the most famous London museums and art galleries?
Москва 2009
ББК 81.2 p. 30+81.2 АНГЛ.-923
К 89 УДК 802.0 (075.85)
К-89 Кузнецова О.В., Ковшило Д.Ф., Берзегова Л.Ю. Методические разработки по английскому языку для студентов I курса стоматологического факультета - М.: МГМСУ, 2009.
Корректура выполнена доц. Соломенцевой Л.Н.
Методические разработки предназначены для студентов 1 курса, продолжающих изучение английского языка на стоматологическом факультете. Их цель - привить студентам определенные навыки по технике перевода специальных текстов, а также развитие навыков устной речи.
Данные методические разработки входят в состав комплексного пособия для студентов I курса стоматологического факультета.
МГМСУ, 2007, 2009 (стереотипное издание) Кузнецова О. В., Ковшило Д.ф., Берзегова Л.Ю., 2009
THE INSTITUTE
Wordbuilding
-ist - суффикс существительного, обозначающего профессию
science - наука a scientist - ученый
Anatomy - анатомия an anatomist - анатом
1. Guess the meaning and translate:
Physiology - a physiologist
Biology - a biologist
Stomatology - a stomatologist
2.Translate the international words and the words of Latin origin:
a doctor and his patients
medicine and a medical man
social
laboratory
3.You'll come across these word combinations in the text:
to enter the Institute - поступить в институт
named after Semashko - имени Семашко
to treat the patients - лечить пациентов
to take examinations - сдавать экзамены
to attend lectures - посещать лекции
a hearty attitude - сердечное отношение
to perform laboratory - выполнять лабораторные
works - работы
4. Study the grammar-table Nos 1, 2, 3, 4.
5. Read the text and be able to answer the questions given below:
Many young people who care for medicine enter Medical Institutes and become students. We have entered the Moscow Medical Stomatological Institute named after Semashko. For two years the students learn the so-called pre-clinical subjects such as Anatomy, Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Biology. We study the social sciences and foreign languages. The medical students must work hard at all the subjects. They have practical classes in numerous theoretical and special subjects. To be a medical student means to spend afternoons in laboratories and evenings in the libraries. The students perform different laboratory works and attend lectures.
Medicine is more than science. All the doctors always treat the patients with great attention and care. Such a hearty attitude of the doctors to the patients helps much in their recovery.
We know that we shall need deep knowledge of Anatomy in our future work. Only hard work in the dissecting room will give us the possibility to gain this knowledge. That is why there are always many students in the dissecting room. There are two terms in the first year. Each of them lasts for about 16-18 weeks. At the end of the winter term we shall take examinations in Physics and Chemistry.
The winter holidays last from the end of January till the middle of February. It is necessary for us to work hard during the whole academic year if we want to pass our first examination session successfully.
1. What Institute must you enter if you want to become a stomatologist?
2. What subjects do students study at a Medical Institute?
3. What is the most human profession in the world?
4. Who enteers Medical Institute?
5. Where do medical students work?
6. How must students study to be a doctor?
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Listen to the tape-recording of the text and prepare the reading of it.
Ex. 2. Give English equivalents: анатомия, предмет, лечить пациента, медицина, наука, пациент, общественные науки, медицинский, стоматологический, лаборатория, здоровье, биология, химия, физиология, сердечное отношение, думать, понимать, поступать в институт.
Ex. 3. Put the verbs to be, to have in the correct form:
1. My father ... a doctor. He ... many patients in a hospital.
2. We ... no books on chemistry.
3. He ... a student of a Medical Institute.
4. My grandmother ... 60 years old and she.. in good health.
5. My friend ... a large family.
6. We ... at the laboratory now.
7. We ... a good laboratory at our Institute.
8. I a stomatologist in five years.
Lesson 1
THE STUDENTS LIFE
Wordbuilding
-able - суффикс, образующий прилагательные от глагола со значением "способный подвергаться соответствующему действию"
to cure - вылечить curable - излечимый
dis-, un- префиксы, выражающие отрицание
to like - любить to dislike - не любить