Match the words from the text with their definitions (a-h).
• neutralization 1 ____ • acid 2 ____ • base 3 ___ • element 4 ____ • compound 5 ____ • proteins 6 ____ • lipids 7 ____ • carbohydrate 8 ____ • properties 9 ____ • tissue 10 ____
a) fats, waxes and sterols
b) a chemical reaction where a base and an acid react
c) a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms
d) chemical agents that release hydrogen ions when added to water.
e) a substance consisting of atoms which all have the same number of protons
f) substances that, in aqueous solution, are slippery to the touch and taste astringent,
g) an entity consisting of two or more atoms
h)group of cells with similar properties
i) macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acids
j) parameters or characteristics
Writing
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
| identified changes comprises exist pathogenesis conduct insoluble waxes prevent sour |
1. This substance is _____________in water and it means that the spot will not disappear unless you use special washing powder.
2. This group _______________ many small subgroups.
3. All chemical elements have already been __________________ by the scientists.
4. When I tasted the soup I felt strange ____________________ taste of citric acid.
5. As we studied more patient cases, the _____________ of the disease became clear.
6. If you rub an apple for a long time, you will see the ______________________ on its surface producing a greasy film.
7. If you keep to the basic safety rules in the laboratory, this may ________________ accidents.
8. The substance underwent many radical _____________________ after all the reactions.
9. It is well known that water doesn’t _________________________ electricity.
10. We know that many bacteria _________________________ in this environment.
6. Are these statements true (T), false (F)? Write true sentences.
1. Chemists study the physical and chemical properties of the substances.(T/F)
__________
__________
2. There are 111 elements existing on the Earth.(T/F)
__________
__________
3.Chemistry comprises such fields as inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistryetc.(T/F)
__________
__________
4. Acids turn red litmus blue and contain one or more of the hydroxyl groups.(T/F)
____
____
5. Oxidation is the action between an acid and a base to form a salt and water. (T/F)
____
____
6. Lipids are made of many aminoacids linked together. (T/F)
____
____
7. Polysugars are represented with ribose, glucose, galactose.(T/F)
____
____
8. Lipids are found in all living things that are greasy and insoluble in water. (T/F)
_________
_________
9. Proteins are separated into groups based chiefly on physical properties.(T/F)
____
____
10. Waxes are complex substances found in various tissues of the brain and nervous system.
(T/F)
__________
__________
Speaking
Read the text again. Answer these questions.
1. What is chemistry?
____
____
2. What are elements?
____
_________
3. What properties do elements possess?
__________
__________
4. What fields of chemistry do you know and what are they?
__________
__________
5. What are the main classes of inorganic compounds?
__________
__________
6. Name the acids you know.
__________
__________
7. What are the properties of the bases?
__________
__________
8. What are proteins? Name the proteins you know. What functions do they perform?
__________
__________
9. What are carbohydrates? Name the carbohydrates you know. What functions do they perform?
__________
__________
10. What are lipids? Name the lipids you know. What functions do they perform?
__________
__________
8. What facts can you present to your group about:
chemistry, the periodic table, chemical elements, acids, bases, salts, oxides, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates?
Date _______________________ Signature _____________________
DRUGS. ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS. CHEMIST’S SHOP
Self-study section №2: “Drugs”
Warm-up
Complete the following table by filling in transcription and translation.
| № | Word | Transcription | Translation |
| 1. | AIDS | ||
| 2. | Anticoagulant | ||
| 3. | Bacteria | ||
| 4. | Cardiovascular | ||
| 5. | Dispense | ||
| 6. | Dose | ||
| 7. | Fiber | ||
| 8. | Forcefulness | ||
| 9. | Heartbeat | ||
| 10. | Multiplying | ||
| 11. | Neuropharmacological | ||
| 12. | Pharmacy | ||
| 13. | Prescription | ||
| 14. | Pressure | ||
| 15. | Source | ||
| 16. | Substance | ||
| 17. | Sulfonamide | ||
| 18. | Relieve | ||
| 19. | Root | ||
| 20. | Treatment |
Reading
Read the text.
DRUGS
Drugs are chemical substances used in medicine in the treatment of diseases. These chemical substances can come from many different sources. Drugs are obtained from various parts of plants (roots, leaves, fruit), from animals (hormones secreted from glands). Also they can be made from chemical substances which are synthesized in the laboratory. Anticancer drugs, such as methotrexate and prednisone, are examples of laboratory-synthesized drugs.
There are many drug classifications in the modern pharmacology. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes. Moreover, drugs may be grouped by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. According to the most general classification, drugs can be divided into such groups: neuropharmacological, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal drugs, antimicrobials, antihistamines and vitamins.
Neuropharmacologicaldrugs are the drugs acting on the human nervous system.
The drugs that affect the heart, blood pressure and prevent blood clotting are known as cardiovascular drugs. The most common drugs used to change the rate and forcefulness of the heartbeat are digitalis glycosides. These drugs are used to treat patients with heart failure. The drugs that affect blood pressure are vasodilators and vasoconstrictors. Vasodilators relax the muscles of the vessel walls; vasoconstrictors constrict muscle fibers around the blood vessel opening. Anticoagulants are used to prevent the formation of clots in the blood vessels. Aspirin is the widely used anticoagulant.
Gastrointestinal drugs relieve disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. For example, antacids (aluminum hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate) neutralize acid in the digestive system. Drugs that kill or help to prevent multiplication of bacteria or viruses that infect the body are called antimicrobials. Antimicrobials that act against bacteria include antibiotics and sulfonamides (sulfa drugs). Antibiotics are obtained from naturally occurring microorganisms. Sulfa drugs are prepared synthetically. A large dose of penicillin or certain other antibiotics kills disease-causing bacteria. A smaller dose of such an antibiotic as well as of a sulfonamide keeps bacteria from multiplying. Antimicrobials that act against viruses are known as antiviral drugs. For example, the antiviral drug zidovudine is used in the treatment of AIDS.
Antihistaminesblock the action of histamine and remove an allergic response to the allergy-causing substance.
Vitamins are necessary for proper body functioning.
Medications are divided into over-the-counter drugs (OTC) which are available without special restrictions, and prescription only medicines (POM), which must be prescribed by a licensed medical practitioner. Drugs are dispensed and stored in an area known as a pharmacy. Some drugs are potent and can be dangerous if taken in an overdose. In fact, any medicine can cause mild or severe side effects. Therefore, its use must be strictly controlled.