Text :NURSING THEORIES

Курс англ.яз

Методическая разработка семинарско-практического занятия

(для учащихся)

ЗАНЯТИЕ №:3-2 часа

Тема: NURSING THEORIES.

1. Мотивация цели: основанием для овладения данной темы является использование иностранного языка как средства получения новой информации , связанной с медицинской тематикой , актуализация межпредметных связей, овладение соответствующим языковым материалом для обсуждения актуальных событий в медицине, а также перспектива использования приобретенных навыков и умений в профессиональных целях ( умение говорить с коллегой, читать для расширения кругозора, писать иностранному коллеге)

2. Цель самоподготовки: после самостоятельного изучения темы

СТУДЕНТ ДОЛЖЕН ЗНАТЬ :

-лексико-фразеологический минимум по теме;

-изученную грамматическую конструкцию;

-границы применимости терминов и частоту их использования в медицинской литературе и практической деятельности.

СТУДЕНТ ДОЛЖЕН УМЕТЬ:

-участвовать в беседе на темы повседневной жизни ;знать речевой этикет;

-переводить тексты соответствующей тематики, при необходимости используя словарь;

-выражать свои мысли в устной форме по пройденной тематике с использованием активно усвоенных грамматических правил;

- пользоватьсятехническими словарями и другими справочными материалами , понимать невербальные средства кодирования информации – схемы, диаграммы, и т. д. грамотно писать термины ,относящиеся к лексико-фразеологическому минимуму ;

-воспринимать на слух тексты по пройденной теме ( с10-15 %незнакомой лексики)

Исходный уровень знаний

Для усвоения материала данной темы студент должен использовать знания по темам:

1) предмета: «Сестринское дело»

4.План изучения занятия :

1 Faye Abdellah (1960)

To deliver nursing care for whole individual

Problem solving based on 21 nursing problems

Ida Orlando(1961)

To respond to client’s behavior in terms of immediate needs

Three elements, including client behavior, nurse reaction, and nurse action, composing a nursing situation

Virginia Henderson (1964)

To help client gain independence as rapidly as possible

Henderson’s 14 basic needs

Dorothy Johnson (1968)

To reduce stress so that client can recover as quickly as possible

Adaptation model based on seven behavioral subsystems

5.Imogene King\(1971)

To use communication to help client to reestablish positive adaptation to environment

Nursing process as dynamic interpersonal state between nurse and client

Dorothea Orem (1971)

To care for and help client to attain self-care deficit theory

Betty Neuman(1972)

To assist individuals, families, and groups to attain and maintain maximal level of total wellness by purposeful interventions

Systems model of nursing practice having stress reduction as its goal; nursing actions is one of three levels: primary, secondary, or tertiary

Myra Levine(1973)

To use conservation activities aimed at optimal use of client resources

Adaptation model of human as integrated whole based on “four conservation principles of nursing”

5Контрольные вопросы

1.What does Hildegrad Peplau’s theory focus on?

2.What are nursing purpose on Peplau’s theory?

3. Who is the nurse in a nurse-client relationship?

4 .What does the nursing theory developed by Faye Abdellah emphasis?

5. How many specific client problems does Abdellah identify?

6. .How does Virginia Henderson define nursing?

7. What are Henderson’s basic needs?

8. What does Ida Ornaldo’s theory describe?

9. What does Dorothy Jonson’s theory focuse on?

10.On what basic needs does Dorothy Jonson’stheory focus on?

11.What is the nurse-client relationship to Imogene King?

12. .What does Dorothea Orem’s definition of nursing emphasis?

13. What is the goal of Orem’s self-care deficit theory?

14. What is Betty Neuman’s goal of nursing?

15. How does Myra Levine’s nursing theory view the client?

16. How is health viewed in Myra Levine’s nursing theory?

Самостоятельная работа на занятии.

1) ) Чтение текста «Nursing Theories»

2) Выполнение заданий на усвоение лексико- грамматического материала.

2)Составление сообщения с опорой на план.

Завершение занятия

Задание на дом: Setting homework: Go over what we’ve just learnt. Learn all the new wards Tell as much as you can remember about Nursing Theories.

8)Литература: Козырева Л. Г, Шадская Т. В. « Английский язык для медицинских колледжей и училищ»,Аванесьянц Э. М., Кахацкая Н. В, Мифтахова Т. В. «Английский язык для старших курсов», Тылкина С. А., Темчина Н. А. « Пособие по английскому языку для медицинских училищ»

New words

Here is a list of wards you are most likely to need or want to know.

1to focus on interpersonal relationships-заострять внимание на межличностных отношениях

2. to educate the client and family-обучать клиента и его семью

3. help the client to reach mature personality development-помочь пациенту достигнуть продуманного личностного развития

4. to develop a nurse-client relationship-развивать отношения медсестра-пациент

5. to be a resource person, counsellor, and surrogate-быть находчивым человеком,советчиком,заместителем

6. to discuss the nature of the problem-обсуждать причину проблемы

7 .to explains the services available-объяснять обслуживание доступно

8. to identify the problem and potential solutions-определить проблему и возможное решение

9. by using available services to meet needs-используя доступные услуги для удовлетворения потребностей

10. original needs-первоначальные потребности

11. to emphasis delivering nursing care for the whole person to meet physical, emotional, intellectual, social and spiritual needs-придавать особое значение обеспечению человека сестринским уходом для удовлетворения его физических, эмоциональных,интеллектуальных, социальных и духовных потребностей

12. The nurse, a problem solver and decision maker-медсестра- человек, решающий проблемы и принимающий решения

13. to help the client meet the needs by facilitating and maintaining a healthy physical condition-помочь клиенту удовлетворить потребности, помогая и поддерживая здоровое физическое состояние

14 .to use interpersonal skills, sound medical knowledge, and community resources to provide individualised holistic care-использовать межличностное мастерство, глубокие медицинские знания, общественные средства для индивидуального ухода

15. assisting the individual sick or well-помогая индивидуальным больным и здоровым

16 .to perform unaided-выполнять без( посторонней) помощи

17.to diminish distress, increase adequacy, or enhance well-being-ослабить страдания, повысить компетентность или увеличить кол-во здоровых людей

18.to recognise the impact of that need on the client's level of health-признавать влияние этих потребностей на уровень здоровья пациентов

19.to act automatically or deliberately to meet the need-действуя непроизвольно или обдуманно, чтобы удовлетворить потребности

20. to reduce the client's distress-уменьшить страдания клиента

21. Nurturance-seeking behaviour-поведение, стремящееся к обучению

22.Mastery of oneself and one's environment-овладение своей и чьей-либо окружающей средой

23. to disrupt normal adaptation-разрушить нормальную адаптацию

24. to be the vehicle for the nursing process-быть проводником сестринского процесса

25. to assist the client in re-establishing or maintaining a positive adaptation to the environment-помогать клиенту в восстановлении или поддержании положительной адаптации в окружающей среде

26 .to emphasis the self-care needs of the client-придавать особое значение самообеспечению потребностей клиента

27 .to have as a special concern man's needs for self-care action and the provision and management of it on a continuous basis in order to sustain life and health, recover from disease or injury, and cope with their effects- человеческие потребности в действиях по самоуходу и самоообеспечению и умении владеть этим длительное время чтобы поддерживать жизнь и здоровье, выздоровление после болезни или повреждения и осуществление этого в жизни являются особой заботой

28. to be totally incapacitated-быть совершенно неспособным ( непригодным)

29.by supervising others who assist patients, and by instructing and guiding individuals as they gradually move toward self-care-под руководством других, кто помогает пациентам , инструктируя и руководя ими в то время как они медленно осваивают самоуход

30. to be unable to fulfil biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs-не быть в состоянии выполнять биологические , психологические, социальные потребности а также потребности в развитии

31. to enable the client to meet these needs, and client self-care abilities- дать клиенту возможность удовлетворить эти потребности и умение ухаживать за собой

32.to form a total-person model by incorporating the holistic concept and the open-system approach-cоставить полную модель человека ,объединяя данную концепцию и метод окрытого подхода

33.to view the person as a dynamic composite of physiological, sociocultural, and developmental variables functioning as an open system-рассматривать человека как активное составное целое , состоящее из физиологических, социокультурных изменений и изменений в развитии, функционирующее как открытая система

34. to assist individuals, families, and groups to attain and maintain a maximal level of total wellness-помогать людям, семьям и группам достигнуть и сохранить максимальный уровень благополучия

35. to assess, manage, and evaluate client systems and focus on factors affecting the client's response to stressors- определить, руководить и оценить системы клиента и заострить внимание на факторах, воздействующих на реакцию клиента к стрессам

36. Primary prevention- первичное предупреждение

37. Secondary prevention-вторичное предупреждение

38. Tertiary prevention-третичное предупреждение

39.tofocus on readaptation-заострить внимание на переадаптации

40.Conservation of client energy- сохранение энергии клиента

41.Conservation of structural integrity- сохранение структурной целостности

42.Conservation of personal integrity- сохранение личностной целостности

43.Conservation of social integrity- сохранение социальной целостности

Text :NURSING THEORIES.

The following sections describe, in chronological order, the general focus of several important theories of the philosophy of nursing. A nursing curriculum will often include one or more of these nursing theories as a part of its conceptual framework (see Table SUMMARY OF NURSING THEORIES).

Peplau's Theory

Hildegard Peplau's theory (1952) focuses on interpersonal relationships people form as they pass through developmental stages. Nursing's purpose is to educate the client and family and help the client to reach mature personality development (Chinn, Jacobs, 1991). Therefore the nurse develops a nurse-client relationship in which the nurse is a resource person, counsellor, and surrogate. When the client seeks help, the nurse discusses the nature of the problem and explains the services available. As the nurse-client relationship develops, the nurse helps the client to identify the problem and potential solutions. The client gains from this relationship by using available services to meet needs. When the original needs have been resolved, new needs may appear.

Abdellah's Theory

The nursing theory developed by Faye Abdellah et al. (1960) emphasises delivering nursing care for the whole person to meet physical, emotional, intellectual, social and spiritual needs., The nurse needs knowledge and skills in interpersonal relations, psychology, growth and development, communication sociology, and the basic sciences, as well as specific nursing skills. The nurse, a problem solver and decision maker, forms an individualized view of the client's needs, which may occur in the following areas:

Comfort, hygiene, and safety

Physiological balance

Psychological and social factors

Sociological and community factors

In these areas, Abdellah et al. (1960) identify 21 specific client problems (often referred to as "Abdellah's 21 nursing problems"), which emphasise the physical (e.g., maintenance of elimination or sensory function) and psychological needs (e.g., maintenance of effective verbal and non-verbal communication) of each client. The nurse helps the client meet these needs by facilitating and maintaining a healthy physical condition in the best therapeutic environment possible. The nurse uses interpersonal skills, sound medical knowledge, and community resources to provide individualized holistic care.

Henderson's Theory

Virginia Henderson's nursing theory involves basic needs of the whole person. Henderson (1964a) defines nursing as:

assisting the individual sick or well in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.

Henderson (1964) identifies specific needs, often called "Henderson's 14 basic needs," such as breathe normally, sleep, and rest. These emphasise maintaining a safe, healthy way of living, associated with good hygiene, an active social life, and personal development.

Orlando's Theory

To Ida Orlando (1961), the client is an individual with a need that, when met, diminishes distress, increases adequacy, or enhances well-being (Chinn, Jacobs, 1991). Her theory focuses on nurses' reactions to client behaviour in terms of the client's immediate need (Torres, 1986). Orlando's theory describes three elements— client behaviour, nurse reaction, and nurse actions—that compose the nursing situation (Marriner-Tomey, 1994). After nurses assess the client's needs, they recognise the impact of that need on the client's level of health and then act automatically or deliberately to meet the need. Nursing acts to reduce the client's distress.

Johnson's Theory

Dorothy Johnson's theory of nursing (1968) focuses on how the client adapts to illness and how actual or potential stress can affect the ability to adapt. For Johnson the goal of nursing is to reduce stress so the client can move more easily through the recovery process. Johnson's theory focuses on basic needs in terms of the following categories or subsystems of behaviour:

Security-seeking behaviour

Nurturance-seeking behaviour

Mastery of oneself and one's environment according to internalised standards of excellence

Taking nourishment in socially and culturally acceptable ways

Ridding the body of waste in socially and culturally acceptable ways

Sexual and role identity behaviour

Self-protective behaviour

The nurse assesses the client's needs in these categories. The client is able to function fairly effectively in the environment under normal conditions. When stress disrupts normal adaptation, however, behaviour becomes erratic and less purposeful. The nurse identifies the inability to adapt and provides nursing care to resolve problems in meeting the client's needs.

King's Theory

Imogene King's theory (1971,1981) also focuses on the interpersonal relationship between the client and nurse. The nurse-client relationship is the vehicle for the nursing process, a dynamic interpersonal process in which the nurse and the client are affected by each other's behaviour and the health care system. The nurse communicates to assist the client in re-establishing or maintaining a positive adaptation to the environment.

Orem's Theory

Dorothea Orem's (1971) definition of nursing emphasises the self-care needs of the client. Orem describes her philosophy of nursing as follows:

Nursing has as a special concern man's needs for self-care action and the provision and management of it on a continuous basis in order to sustain life and health, recover from disease or injury, and cope with their effects. Self-care is a requirement of every person—man, woman, and child. When self-care is not maintained, illness, disease, or death will occur. Nurses sometimes manage and maintain required self-care continually for persons who are totally incapacitated. In other instances, nurses help persons to maintain required self-care by performing some but not all care measures, by supervising others who assist patients, and by instructing and guiding individuals as they gradually move toward self-care.

The goal of Orem's self-care deficit theory is helping the client achieve self-care. Nursing care is necessary when the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs. The nurse determines reasons a client is unable to meet self-care needs, actions that will enable the client to meet these needs, and client self-care abilities.

Neuman's Theory

Betty Neuman forms a total-person model by incorporating the holistic concept and the open-system approach (Marriner-Tomey, 1994). Neuman views the person as a dynamic composite of physiological, sociocultural, and developmental variables functioning as an open system (Neuman and Young, 1972). Her goal of nursing is to assist individuals, families, and groups to attain and maintain a maximal level of total wellness.

The nurse assesses, manages, and evaluates client systems and focuses on factors affecting the client's response to stressors. Nursing actions are in one of the following levels of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention strengthens a line of defence through identification of actual or potential risk factors associated with stressors. Secondary prevention strengthens internal defences and resources by establishing priorities and treatment plans for identified needs. Tertiary preventionfocuses on readaptation (Neuman, 1982).

Levine's Theory

Myra Levine's nursing theory (1973) views the client as an integrated being who interacts with and adapts to the environment. Conservation of energy is a primary concern. In this theory, health is viewed in terms of conservation of energy in the following areas, which Levine calls the "four conservation principles of nursing":

Conservation of client energy

Conservation of structural integrity

Conservation of personal integrity

Conservation of social integrity With this approach, nursing care involves conservation

With this approach, nursing care involves conservation activities aimed at optimal use of client's resources.

Exercises.

1 Answer the questions to the text.(см. Контрольные вопросы).

2.Find Russian equivalents to the following phrases from the text.

a) As the nurse-client relationship develops, the nurse helps the client to identify the problem and potential solutions. The client gains from this relationship by using available services to meet needs. When the original needs have been resolved, new needs may appear.

b) The nurse needs knowledge and skills in interpersonal relations, psychology, growth and development, communication, sociology, and the basic sciences, as well as specific nursing skills. The nurse, a problem solver and decision maker, forms an individualized view of the client's needs, which may occur in the following areas:

Comfort, hygiene, and safety

Physiological balance

Psychological and social factors

Sociological and community factors

c) These emphasise maintaining a safe, healthy way of living, associated with good hygiene, an active social life, and personal development.

d) . When stress disrupts normal adaptation, however, behaviour becomes erratic and less purposeful. The nurse identifies the inability to adapt and provides nursing care to resolve problems in meeting the client's needs.

e) The nurse communicates to assist the client in re-establishing or maintaining a positive adaptation to the environment.