Essential parts of the Business letter
Introduction.
General Knowledge Quiz.
The Ultimate First Aid Quiz
If someone has fainted, should you raise his head or his feet above heart level?
head
feet
If you happen to lose a tooth and can't stick it back in the socket, you should immediately place it in _____.
cold water
warm water
milk
tea
orange juice
At what point is a fever considered dangerous in an adult?
100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.8 Celsius)
101 F (38.3 C)
102 F (38.9 C)
103 F (39.4 C)
104 F (40 C)
Which type of painkiller will also reduce swelling?
ibuprofen
acetaminophen
aspirin
naproxen
If you're with someone who needs CPR but you're not trained in it, what should you do?
elevate the person's head
rescue breathing only
chest compressions only
wait for trained help
What are the ABCs of CPR?
airway, breathing, circulation
air, breaths, compressions
If chemicals have splashed into your eyes, for how long should you flush them with water?
one minute
two minutes
five minutes
10 minutes
20 minutes
30 minutes
one hour
What's something helpful you can give to a person who might be having a heart attack?
an aspirin
a glass of water
a cup of coffee
a massage
What's the universal sign for choking?
mouth wide open, tongue out
index finger pointing into the mouth
both hands to the throat
What's the 'five and five' method that the American Red Cross recommends for delivering first aid to a choking victim?
abdominal thrusts for five minutes, then five back blows
five back blows and five abdominal thrusts
five abdominal thrusts, wait five seconds, then five more
If you're choking and you're all alone, what should you do?
stick your finger down your throat
throw yourself over a chair or into countertop
lie on your back and try to perform abdominal thrusts
any of the above
The bite of this spider produces a fluid-filled blister that then leaves a deep ulcer?
black widow
brown recluse
The bite of this spider produces a fluid-filled blister that then leaves a deep ulcer?
black widow
brown recluse
What's NOT a good thing to put on sunburn?
aloe vera gel
petroleum jelly
moisturizing lotion
a damp towel
If you suspect you have food poisoning, should you take anti-diarrheal medicine?
yes
no
If your child has an insect stuck in his ear, you can pour warm ____ into the ear.
water
oil
tea
vinegar
all of the above
You have hypothermia when your body temperature is below ____.
94 degrees Fahrenheit (34.4 Celsius)
95 F (35 C)
96 F (35.6 C)
97 F (36.1 C)
What should you never do when caring for someone with hypothermia?
warm the victim's arms and legs
give the victim alcohol
put the victim under a heat lamp
all of the above
If you've been bitten on the arm by a poisonous snake, should you raise your arm above your heart or lower it?
raise it
lower it
What's the phone number for the National Poison Control Center?
1-800-222-1222
1-800-234-5678
1-800-448-8888
Thank you. No doubt, you are professionals.
Useful information.
What information is given in the table below?
Right you are - examples of writing prescriptions according to certain drug forms:
| Drug Information | Example of prescription |
| Tablet of paracetamol 500mg, given in quantity of 30, should be taken 1 tablet orally 3 times per day | Rx tab. Paracetamol 500mg Mitte 30 Sig 1 tab oral 3x day |
| Tablet of morphine 2.5mg, given in quantity of 10, should be taken 1 tablet orally 1 time per day | Rx tab. Morphine 2.5mg Mitte 10 Sig 1 tab 1x day |
| Solution of atropine 0.1%, given in quantity of 10ml, should be taken 10 drops 2 times daily before meals | Rx sol. Atropine 0.1% Mitte 10ml Sig 10 drops 2x daily b4 meals. |
| Solution of potassium bromide 3% given in quantity of 175ml, should be taken orally 1 tablespoon every evening | Rx sol. Potassium bromide 3% Mitte 175ml Sig 1 tbs evening orally |
| Solution of morphine 1% given in quantity of 3 ampules, should be injected subcutaneously 1 ampule for pain (1ml = 1 amp) | Rx sol. Morphine 1% Mitte 1ml x 3 Sig 1 amp 4 pain SC |
| Solution of atropine 1%, given in quantity of 10ml, should be given 2 drops into the eyes 2 times daily | Rx sol. Atropine 1% Mitte 10ml Sig 2 drops 2x daily into eyes |
| Solution of potassium permanganate 0.01% given in quantity 200ml, should be used for sterilization of skin 3 times daily | Rx sol. Potassium permanganate 0.01% Mitte 200ml Sig sterilization of skin 3x daily |
| Solution of insulin, given in quantity of 5 ampules, to be injected subcutaneously 3 times daily, 20 minutes before meal. | Rx insulin Mitte 5 amp Sig 3x daily b4 meals SC |
| Strong tincture of Belladonna 10ml, to be given 10 drops 2 times daily orally | Rx tinct. Belladonna 10ml Sig 10 drops 2x daily orally |
| Non-strong tincture of Valertane 25ml, to be given 30 drops 3 times daily orally | Rx tinct. Valertane 25ml Sig 30 drops 3x daily orally |
| Infuse of 6 grams of herbs Adonidis vernalis prepared with 180ml of water, to be given 1 tablespoon 2 times daily, orally | Rx inf. Herb Adonidis vernalis 6.0 – 180ml Sig 1 tbs 2x daily orally |
| Decocts of 5 grams of leaves Urae ursi prepared with 150ml of water, to be given 1 teaspoon 3 times daily, orally | Rx decoct. Folia Urae ursi 5.0 – 150ml Sig 1 tsp 3x daily orally |
| Ointment of Nistatin 10%, given in quantity of 100 grams, to be applied on the skin 4 times daily | Rx oint. Nistatin 10% Mitte 100g Sig 4x daily apply to skin |
| Ointment of Sodium Sulfacyl 20%, given in quantity of 10g, to be apply to eye 2 times daily | Rx oint. Sodium sulfacyl 20% Mitte 10g Sig 2x daily apply to eye |
| Suppository of Paracetamol 250mg, given in quantity of 10, to be taken 2 times daily per rectal | Rx supp. Paracetamol 250mg Mitte 10 Sig 2x daily per rectal |
What abbreviations in medical prescriptions have you ever met? Have you thought about their English equivalents? Here they are:
| Список сокращений в английских рецептах | ||
| Сокращение | Полное название на английском | Перевод на русский язык |
| aa | of each | каждого |
| ad | up to | вплоть до/не более |
| a.c. | before meals | до еды |
| a.d. | right ear | правое ухо |
| ad lib. | use as much as one desires; freely | применять без ограничений |
| admov. | apply | наносить, использовать |
| agit | stir/shake | размешать/встряхнуть |
| alt. h. | every other hour | через каждый час |
| a.m. | morning, before noon | утром, до обеда |
| amp | ampule | ампула |
| amt | amount | количество |
| aq | water | вода |
| a.l., a.s. | left ear | левое ухо |
| A.T.C. | around the clock | круглосуточно |
| a.u. | both ears | оба уха |
| bis | twice | два раза |
| b.d./b.i.d. | twice daily | два раза в день |
| B.M. | bowel movement | кишечная перистальтика (стул) |
| bol. | as a large single dose (usually intravenously) | большая разовая доза (как правило внутривенно) |
| B.S. | blood sugar | сахар крови |
| B.S.A | body surface areas | участки поверхности тела |
| BUCC | inside cheek | внутренняя сторона щеки |
| cap., caps. | capsule | капсула |
| c | with (usually written with a bar on top of the «c») | с (чем-то) (обычно пишется с верхней горизонтальной чертой) |
| c | food | еда |
| cc | with food, (but also cubic centimetre) | с едой (а также — кубический сантиметр) |
| cf | with food | с едой |
| comp. | compound | смесь |
| cr., crm | cream | мазь |
| D5W | dextrose 5% solution (sometimes written as D5W) | 5% раствор Д-глюкозы (иногда пишется D5W) |
| D5NS | dextrose 5% in normal saline (0.9%) | 5% Д-глюкоза в солевом растворе (0,9%) |
| D.A.W. | dispense as written | отпускать по рецепту |
| dc, D/C, disc | discontinue | прекращать |
| dieb. alt. | every other day | через день, раз в два дня |
| dil. | dilute | растворять, разбавлять |
| disp. | dispense | отпускать по рецепту |
| div. | divide | делить |
| d.t.d. | give of such doses | давать по таким дозам |
| D.W. | distilled water | дистиллированная вода |
| elix. | elixir | эликсир, панацея |
| e.m.p. | as directed | в соответствии с предписанием |
| emuls. | emulsion | эмульсия |
| et | and | и |
| ex aq | in water | в воде, с водой |
| fl., fld. | fluid | жидкость |
| ft. | make; let it be made | приготовить |
| g | gram | грамм |
| gr | grain | гран (= 0, 0648 г) |
| gtt(s) | drop(s) | капля(и) |
| H | hypodermic | подкожная (инъекция) |
| h, hr | hour | час |
| h.s. | at bedtime | перед сном |
| ID | intradermal | внутрикожная (инъекция) |
| IM | intramuscular (with respect to injections) | внутримышечная инъекция |
| inj. | injection | инъекция |
| IP | intraperitoneal | внутрибрюшинная инъекция |
| IV | intravenous | внутривенная (инъекция) |
| IVP | intravenous push | внутривенно струйно |
| IVPB | intravenous piggyback | последовательная внутривенная инъекция |
| LCD | coal tar solution | угольный раствор |
| lin | liniment | жидкая мазь (для растирания) |
| liq | solution | раствор |
| lot. | lotion | лосьон |
| M. | mix | смесь |
| m, min | a minimum | минимум |
| mcg | microgram | микрограмм |
| m.d.u. | to be used as directed | использовать по назначению |
| mEq | milliequivalent | миллиграмм-эквивалент |
| mg | milligram | миллиграмм |
| mist. | mix | смесь (смешивать) |
| mL | millilitre | миллилитр |
| nebul | a spray | спрей |
| N.M.T. | not more than | не более, чем |
| noct. | at night | ночью |
| non rep. | no repeats | не повторять |
| NS | normal saline (0.9%) | 0,9% раствор натрия хлорида |
| 1/2NS | half normal saline (0.45%) | 0,45% раствор натрия хлорида |
| N.T.E. | not to exceed | не превышать |
| o_2 | both eyes, sometimes written as o2 | оба глаза, иногда передается на письме o2 |
| o.d. | right eye | правый глаз |
| o.s. | left eye | левый глаз |
| o.u. | both eyes | оба глаза |
| oz | ounce | унция |
| per | by or through | с (с помощью) |
| p.c. | after meals | после еды |
| p.m. | evening or afternoon | вечером или после полудня |
| prn | as needed | по необходимости |
| p.o. | by mouth or orally | перорально |
| p.r. | by rectum | ректально |
| pulv. | powder | порошок |
| q | every | каждый |
| q.a.d. | every other day | через день, раз в два дня |
| q.a.m. | every day before noon | каждый день до обеда |
| q.d.s. | four times a day | четыре раза в день |
| q.p.m. | every day after noon | каждый день после обеда |
| q.h. | every hour | каждый час |
| q.h.s. | every night at bedtime | каждый вечер перед сном |
| q.1h | every 1 hour; (can replace «1″ with other numbers) | каждый 1 час (1 можно заменить любой цифрой) |
| q.d. | every day | каждый день |
| q.i.d. | four times a day | четыре раза в день |
| q.o.d. | every other day | через день, раз в два дня |
| qqh | every four hours | каждые четыре часа |
| q.s. | a sufficient quantity | достаточное количество |
| QWK | every week | каждую неделю |
| R | rectal | ректальный |
| rep., rept. | repeats | повторение |
| RL, R/L | Ringer’s lactate | лактат Рингера |
| s | without (usually written with a bar on top of the «s») | без (обычно пишется с верхней горизонтальной чертой) |
| s.a. | use your judgement | на ваше усмотрение |
| SC, subc, subcut, subq, SQ | subcutaneous | подкожный |
| sig | write on label | надпись на этикетке |
| SL | sublingually, under the tongue | сублингвально, под языком |
| sol | solution | раствор |
| s.o.s., si op. sit | if there is a need | при необходимости |
| ss | one half | половина, 1/2 |
| stat | immediately | немедленно |
| supp | suppository | свеча |
| susp | suspension | временное прекращение |
| syr | syrup | сироп |
| tab | tablet | таблетка |
| tal., t | such | такой, подобный |
| tbsp | tablespoon | столовая ложка |
| troche | lozenge | пастилка |
| tsp | teaspoon | чайная ложка |
| t.i.d. | three times a day | три раза в день |
| t.d.s. | three times a day | три раза в день |
| t.i.w. | three times a week | три раза в неделю |
| top. | topical | локальный |
| T.P.N. | total parenteral nutrition | полное парентеральное питание |
| tr, tinc., tinct. | tincture | примесь, настойка |
| u.d., ut. dict. | as directed | по предписанию |
| ung. | ointment | мазь |
| U.S.P. | United States Pharmacopoeia | Фармакопея США |
| vag | vaginally | вагинально |
| w | with | с |
| w/o | without | без |
| X | times | раз (количество раз) |
| Y.O. | years old | возраст |
Section 1.
Managerial skills.
Unit 1.
What is presentation?
1. How to build a perfect presentation?
2. The structure of presentation.
1. Comment on the following statements. In your opinion are they a) essential b) helpful c) unhelpful for a successful presentation.
- tell a joke at the beginning,
- speak more slowly than you normally do,
- smile a lot,
- involve the audience,
- invite questions during presentation,
- always keep to your plan,
- move around during your presentation,
- use a lot of gestures to emphasize important points,
- read out your presentation from a script,
- stand up when giving your presentation.
Useful vocabulary.
Introducing yourself
- Good morning, everyone.
- Hello, everyone, welcome to ... .
- On behalf of myself and Focus Advertising, I'd like to welcome you.- My name's Sven Larsen.- Hi everyone, I'm Dominique Lagrange. Good to see you all.Introducing the topic - I'm going to tell you about the ideas we've come up with for the ad - This morning, I'd like to outline the campaign concept we've developed for you.Structuring the presentation
I'm going to divide my talk into 4 parts.
First, I'll give you ... . After that,... . Finally, ... .
Inviting questions
If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask.
I'll be glad to answer any questions (at the end of my talk).
Giving background information
I'll give you some background,
Let's start with the background.
Referring to the audience's knowledge
As you know, . . ..
As you are aware, . . ..
Changing the topic
Right, let's move on to ... .
OK, I'll look a t . . . .
Referring to visuals
If you look at the graph . . ..
Could I draw your attention to the chart?
Inviting questionsIf there's anything you're not clear about, go ahead and ask any questions you want.If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to interrupt me.Concluding
To sum up, . . .
To summarise, . . .
Ending
Thanks very much. Any questions?
Well, that's all I have to say.
Thank you for listening.
Reading Skills Read the presentations.Is the presentation formal or informal? Could I have your attention, please? Good morning everyone. On behalf of myself and Focus Advertising, I'd like to welcome you. My name's Sven Larsen, I'm Commercial Director. This morning, I'd like to outline concept we've developed for you. I've divided my presentation into three parts. Firstly, I'll give you the background to the campaign.Secondly, I'll discuss the media we plan to use. Finally, I'll talk you through the storyboard for the TV commercial. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to interrupt me. Right, let's get started. Hi everyone, I'm Dominique Lagrange. As you know, I'm Creative Director of DMK. Good to see all. I'm going to tell you about the ideas we've come up with for the ad campaign. My talk is in three parts. I'll start with the background to the campaign, move on to the media plan to use, and finish with the storyboard for the commercial. If there's anything you're not clear about, go ahead and ask any questions you want. Presenters can use different techniques to get their audience's attention at the start of a presentation. They are: to tell a personal story, offer an amazing fact, use a quotation, ask a question, state a problem.Think about examples. Build a presentation on a topic you like using the above mentioned techniques. Theory. (Business correspondence. Parts of business letter.Request letters.Replies. Complaints/claims. heory. Skills .e below belowSocial Business letters.Business correspondence is the sum total (общая сумма) of generally shared forms of written communication in business
(Dictionary of General Business English Terminology, p. 22)
What is a letter?
Among different forms of writing, letters seem to be one of the most common ways of communication.
"Although an impressive amount of business and social interaction takes place over the telephone or in person today, oral communication has not yet begun to replace the written word. The well-written letter remains a staple (главный элемент) of business success and one of the strongest connecting links between individuals." (Maggio 1990: 1)
In the quotation given above, three linguistic points call for a comment:
One of them is the phrase the well-written letter: it implies that there can also be letters that are not written well enough.
The second expression that stands out is a staple of business success: it points to the fact that letter-writing in business is vitally important (staples – things needed and used all the time).
The third phrase one of the strongest connecting links between individuals refers to the role of written communication in building and maintaining (сохранять) long-term relations with people and organizations in the world of business.
A standard definition of the word letterreads as follows: letter is a written or printed message that is usually put in an envelope and sent by mail(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, p. 811). In the same dictionary entry, several sentences are offered by way of illustrative phraseology which is fully based on authentic English usage:
Bart's writing a letter to his parents.
I got a long letter from Melanie today.
Can you mail this letter for me on your way out?
I'm just going to post this letter.
Letters: Personal and Business.
People write letters for many different reasons and on different occasions. Sometimes letters are personal communications to someone they know. In other cases, people write letters to other people they don’t know completely. In the former case, the letters may be of personal character, in the latter one, they are, perhaps, of business character. So there are two basic kinds of letters:
| Personal letter an informal message to a friend or relative | Business letter a formal message written to a person or organization |
| - may have an emotional tinge - may contain some slang words of a particular social or occupational group - simpler in its structural organization: the date the salutation the body the closing the signature - can be written on the paper of any size, colour and quality - can be handwritten - both sides of paper may be used | - should not have any stylistic nuance - normative lexicon is only possible - has more parts: the heading/return address the date the inside address the salutation the body the closing the handwritten signature the typed name - white or off-white paper is usually preferred - should be typed - only one side of paper is used |
In the sentences listed above (General English) no special information was expected from the language learner as to what kind of letters were meant and how they were written.
In Business English, however, the key concept requires awareness (сознание) of a number of things.
Business letters touch upon a wide range of subjects. Unlike General English, where the word letter does not require any additional explanation as to the content and use, Business English classifies every instance (отдельный случай) of written communication as belonging to a particular categoryin terms of the:
- format used
- purport (смысл, содержание) expressed
- action (or actions) expected, requested, required, etc.
At all times, there will be an inevitable discrepancy (различие) between textbooks, on the one hand, and the reality of written business communication, on the other. It should be emphasized in this connection that the more authoritative titles in the field (Stanton, Wood 1988, Littlejohn 1994, Bell 1992) have done their best to present the learner with as much authenticity (подлинность) as possible: the samples they offer are representative enough of the ongoing written exchange in the world of business where companies write to customers, shareholders and business contacts.
To begin with, a line should be drawn between the more general properties, on the one hand, and the more particular (or more specialized) elements in written business communication, on the other hand. The former lays the groundwork (фундамент) for the latter in the sense that general properties are shared by most types of business correspondence in most business organizations, whereas particular or specific features are reflected in a limited number of cases and can be acquired (овладевать навыком) "on the job" as part of a company's house style(corporate style)or in-housepreferences.
A well-written letter (Standard Format)
A well-written business letter follows a set of rules. First comes what is known as standard formator layout.
Format is the way in which something is organized or arranged (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, p.556).
Layout is the way in which writing and pictures are arranged on a page (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, p.798).
In Business English, both words mean the same thing – arranging the parts of a letter in a certain order. This is what a standard format, or layout, looks like when represented graphically:
| Letter head (Sender’s address) | |
| Reference | Reference |
| Date | Date |
| Special mailing indication | Special mailing indication |
| Confidential | Confidential |
| Inside address | |
| For the attention of | |
| Salutation | |
| Subject (Re.:) | |
| Body of the letter | |
| Close | Close |
| Signature | Signature |
| Initials of persons in charge | |
| Enclosures | |
| Copies | |
| PostScript (P.S.) |
Essential parts of the Business letter
- Letter head (the heading/sender’s address/return address)
gives the name and address, phone numbers and fax number of the company sending the letter. Sometimes it is imprinted on businessstationary. Reverse order is used here:
Trademark – company’s name (business the firm is in) – building – street – region – country – telephone number – fax number - e-mail.
If there is too much information it may be written at the bottom
Type of organization:
Ltd. (Limited liability) = Inc. (Incorporated)
PLC (Public Limited Company)
& Co. (Partnership)
& Son/Sons/Bros
Situation: at the top of the company’s form, usually in the middle. If the company’s form with the name of the company is absent the Letter head is situated in the upper right corner.
ULTRASONIC Ltd.