Прочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски о достопримечательностях современного Лондона

London, its History and Development

It is known that the area around London was inhabited (населять) by the Celts. Later the Romans founded a military camp there. The camp developed into a port. The area of about 1 square mile where the Romans built their fortifications corre­sponds approximately to today present City of London. London was the capital of one of the Roman provinces of Britain. After the Romans left Britain, London became less important and suffered greatly from the Danes and Vikings. It was under Henry the First in the 12th century that London finally became the capital of England. In the 16th century London, with its 500,000 inhabit­ants, was the largest city in England. Under Queen Elizabeth the First in the 17th century England dominated the oceans and be­came the Empire. It is in the Elizabethan Age that art, culture and literature flowered, especially in London. Over the centuries Lon­don became the centre of a constantly growing empire. The em­pire reached its apex (вершина) under Queen Victoria. In­dustrialization and the expansion of international trade brought London power, growth and cultural and economic development. In the First and Second World Wars London was ruined consider­ably.

Some 9 million people now live in London and its suburbs, and the city covers an area of 620 square miles, making it one of the largest of the world's capitals. One reason for its size is that the English people like to live in small houses and have small gardens. As a result, less than 5,000 people live in the City of London, while

more than half a million come here to work in the daytime. Today London is the capital of Great Britain and is also the seat of the Royal Family, the Parliament, the major administrative bodies and scientific institutions.

The Houses of Parliament stand on the bank of the Thames at Westminster Abbey. Actually it is one building but it is called «Houses» as it consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It was set up in the 13-th century. At one end of the Houses of Parliament there is a tower with a large clock. The largest bell, known as Big Ben, chimes in (отбивать часы) the hour.

Westminster Abbey was a monastery built in the 8th century. It is one of the best examples of the Early English architecture. The kings and queens of England are buried there. Many great states­men, writers and poets are also buried there.

In the centre of London there is one of the most beautiful squares — Trafalgar Square which was named so to commemorate (в честь) Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar. There is the monument in its centre known as Nelson's Column.

In the vicinity of Trafalgar Square is Whitehall which is now a street of government offices. Not far from Whitehall is Downing Street. Number 10 Downing Street is the residence of the Prime Minister of England. The Cabinet meets there. One must mention the British Museum. It is one of the most extensive and valuable museums in West Europe, It was founded in 1753. It also com­prises the National Library. There are other numerous museums and galleries displaying interesting finds from all parts of the world and from all stages in the development of nature, man and art. There are also two large opera houses, the National Theatre and 50 other theatres. Monuments of past greatness are every­where in London.

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

Упражнение 1. А.Прочитайте следующие словосочетания из текста 2А и постарайтесь догадаться о значении выделенных слов.

1. to protectthe environment

2. become seriouslypolluted

3. sufferfrom pollution

4. interactionof all processes

5. the essentialfeature

6. protection is imperativetoday

7. publicorganizations

8. safeguardingnatural resources

В. Подберите к каждому слову в колонке А соответствующее значение из колонки В.

А В

1. protect a. do not feel well

2. serious b. for all people

3. suffer с keep safe from smth.

4. interaction d. protection

5. essential e. needing attention

6. imperative f. important

7. public g. necessary, most important, fundamental

8. safeguarding h. action on each other

Упражнение 2. А.Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь догадаться о значе­нии выделенных слов.

One of the most urgentenvironmental problems in the world today is the shortage of clean water. Accessto clean drinking water is a basic human need. But industrial pollution has made many sources of water undrinkable. Rivers, lakes and even seas have be­come poisonous.

Lake Baikal is one of the world's largest and most beautiful lakes. Russians call it the Holy Sea. It contains a rich variety of ani­mals and plants,including 1,300 rare speciesthat do not exist any­where else in the world. However, they are being destroyed by the massive industrial effluent,which some factories still pourinto the lake every day.

A few years ago, people thought that the supply of clean water was limitless. Now clean water is scarce,and we are beginning to respectthis preciousresource. We must protect the clean water that remains for the sakeof our children and grandchildren.

В. Подберите к каждому слову в колонке А соответствующее из колонки В.

А В

1. urgent a. group, sort, kind of

2. access b. in the interest of

3. poisonous с unusual, not often seen

4. plant d. of great value (price)

5. rare e. needing action

6. species

7. destroy

8. effluent

9. pour

10. scarce

11. respect

12. precious

13. sake

f. not available, not equal to the demand

g. come freely, flow in a continuous stream
h. way (road) to, means of using

i. think about, pay attention to

j. living organism the kind smaller than trees

k. break, put an end to

1. harmful, causing death

m. waste from a factory

Упражнение 3.Заполните таблицы на словообразование.

Noun	Verb	Noun	Adjective
change	# • •	variety
	achieve	ecology
...	advance	environment
development	...	danger
...	protect	industry
...	pollute	globe
action	...	nature
...	increase	• • •	safe
elimination	...	• • •	numerous
• • •	interact	ocean	...

Упражнение 4.Заполните пропуски словами global, environmental, pollute, dangerous, scale, environment, protection, resources, increase.

People are worried about the (1) ... (the air, water, and land around us) as a result of the (2)... effects of human activity. «De­velopments» that are making our life more comfortable such as industrialization, urbanization and the use of cars all (3) ... the earth's atmosphere. There are some of the (4) ... problems today: the ozone layer, (5) ... warming (an (6) ... in world temperature), the conservation and (7) ... of nature and natural (8) ... on a global (9) ...

Упражнение 5. А.Назовите 10—15 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Environment protection».

В. Speak about:

The problem of clean water in your town.

LESSON 3

Времена группы Perfect Active, Passive Подлежащее, сказуемое Суффиксы -er/'ОГу -ant/-ent Префиксы un-/im-

Text ЗА. Electricity

Text 3B. A Great Citizen of the World

Text 3C. Solar Light by Night

Text 3D. Non-traditional Renewable Sources of Energy

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 1.Объясните употребление времен группы Perfect, пере­ведите.

1. This is a very good book, I have just read it with pleasure. 2. He has been absent this week. He has been ill. 3.1 haven't seen you for a long time. Where have you been all this time? 4. We haven't heard about her since 1989. 5. By the beginning of the lecture the laboratory assistant had brought all the necessary diagrams. 6. Be­fore we came to the next lecture we had studied the material of the first one. 7. Have you already finished your diploma work? No, I shall have finished it by the end of June. 8. They will not have passed their exams by the time you return. 9. Many students have been enroled into universities this year. 10. The translation has not been finished yet. It will have been finished by the end of the month. 11. Have you brought these journals with you? No, these journals had been brought by my sister before I returned from St.Petersburg. Don't you know that?

Упражнение 2. А.Выберите правильную форму сказуемого.

1. Не (has graduated, graduated) from MSTU named after Bauman this year. He (graduated, will have graduated) from MSTU

named after Bauman in 6 years. 2. She (saw, has seen) us in the morning yesterday. She (saw, has seen) us this morning. 3.1 (have met, met) him last year. I never (had met, have met) him before.

4. Our group (will do, will have done) a lab work tomorrow. 5. This
problem (is discussed, has been discussed) much in the press lately.
This problem (was discussed, had been discussed) yesterday.

В. Переделайте предложения из действительного в страдательный залог.

1. The students have done their homework very well. 2. Bob has left his notebook at home. 3.1 have told you about a lecture. 4. The laboratory assistant had prepared the experiment by 2 o'clock.

5. She had finished her test when we came. 6. The teacher will have
corrected our dictation by the end of the week. 7. They have not
made any mistakes.

Упражнение3. Переведите предложения.

1. Что вы сделали сегодня? — Я напечатала (to type) много писем. — Я хочу посмотреть письмо к мистеру Д. — Вот, по­жалуйста. Я только что напечатала его. — А письмо к мистеру Р.? — Я еще не напечатала это письмо. Я напечатаю его к концу рабочего дня. 2. Вчера мы встретили наших друзей. Мы не видели их с окончания университета. До возвращения в Москву они работали в Орле. 3. Новый завод будет построен к началу следующего года. Он будет оснащен самым современ­ным оборудованием.

Упражнение 4.Прочитайте и объясните употребление времен.

At the Institute

Vera: Hello, Mike! What are you doing here?

Mike: Hello, Vera! I am reading for my mathematics exam.

V.: But your group has passed it already, hasn't it?

M.: Yes, it has, but I was absent at this time. So I'll take this exam tomorrow.

V.: Is it difficult for you to take this exam?

M.: No, it is not. I have finished a specialized mathematical school where mathematics was studied more thoroughly (тщательно) than at other schools. Besides, I have taken part in a mathemat­ics contest of our city.

V.: Really? Have you? When was it?

M.: It was last year.

V.: Were you the first at this contest?

M.: No, I was the second. The first one was the boy from one of the

Novosibirsk mathematical schools. V.: Have you ever been to Novosibirsk? M.: Yes, I have been there this year with a group of students of our

faculty. V.: What have you seen there? M.: Oh, I have seen a lot. But now I have no time to tell you about

it. Well, Vera, what are you doing here? Are you reading for

your exams too? V.: No, I am not. I've passed all my exams with good marks this

term and so my holidays have already started. I'm waiting for

my friend here. Good luck, Mike.

Упражнение 5.Определите, чем выражено подлежащее каждого предло­жения, переведите.

1. After the international conference on ecology it has become possible to begin working at environmental problems on a global scale. 2. Some scientists and engineers are working at improving traditional production processes, others are developing new tech­nologies. 3. The new instruments will enable us to determine the level of pollution in our rivers. 4. Our technological advances make it possible to deal with the most difficult problems. 5. Our lecturer's book on strength of materials is well-known and popular. 6. One must study six years to become an engineer. 7. There is a big library in the new building of our institute. It is a very good library. One may get all the necessary books there and it is possible to keep them till the end of the academic year. 8. It is well-known that techno­logical progress is impossible without electronics, computers, ro­bots and new materials. 9. That ecological problems have become the most important ones at present is evident to all. 10. What is necessary for the students is to get a good qualification. 11.That S.P. Korolyev was the founder of practical cosmonautics is a well-known fact. 12. That theory is combined with practical training is a very good tradition of our educational system. 13. That it is neces­sary to develop an international ecological program is realized throughout the world.

Упражнение б.Найдите сказуемое в каждом предложении, переведите.

1. The electronic industry produces several types of minicom­puters. 2. The air in many cities has been polluted by traffic and industry. 3. The lecture on environment protection was very inte­resting. 4. Mankind has never experienced changes in life and work

on such a scale. 5. The task of the world community is to improve the ecological situation in the world. 6. In six years we shall be­come engineers. 7. It is possible to take measures to protect envi­ronment on a global level by the joint efforts of all countries. 8. Professor N. is the dean of our faculty. 9. The important feature of our education is that it combines theory with practical training. 10. The main tendency of our life is that computers are being used in all spheres of technology, science and everyday life. 11. The es­sential feature in environment protection is that most of it is done by public initiative. 12. What is necessary today is that the protec­tion of global natural resources must be planned. 13. Today one of the most important problems is that big cities are polluted.

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Упражнение7. Переведите следующие производные слова согласно об­разцу:

глагол + -ег/-ог = существительное

to teach — учить, обучать -» teacher — учитель

to regulate — регулировать -» regulator — регулятор