Experiments in Point of View
You can learn about point of view by doing the following experiments. Place your hand flat on the desk and spread your fingers apart. The shape and form you see are the shape and form you would probably draw. They are part of the mental image you have of the object “hand.” Now lift your hand and let your fingers relax. Notice how the shape and form of your hand change. Turn your hand and watch what happens. Your hand is still the same hand. Only its shape and form are different.
Next, look at a rectangular table. What shape does the top have when you are sitting at the table? Look at the top through a rectangular viewing frame. Are the edges of the table parallel to the edges of the frame? You know the top is a rectangle, but does it really look rectangular now? What shape does the top seem to take if you are sitting across the room from it? What would the shape look like if you viewed it from the top of a tall ladder? Do you think the shape you see will change if you lie on the floor directly under the table?
When you looked at your hand, your eyes stayed in the same place, but your hand moved. When you studied the table, it remained in one place, but you moved. In both cases, what you saw changed because your relationship to the object changed. Your point of view depends on where you are and where the object is. Look at Figure 4.1. Where is the artist’s point of view in relation to the people in that picture?
Figure 4.1.
Ex.2. Випишіть десять незнайомих вам слів з тексту: «How We Perceive Shape, Form, and Space»
Ex.3. Складіть три запитання до тексту.
Ex.4. Доповніть речення:
- If you didn’t feel anything, try again until you become aware that …
- Your brain measured the amount of space between you and the object and sent a …
- Without moving your pointing finger, open your right eye and …
- The shape and form you see are …
- Your point of view depends on where you are and …
- What would the shape look like if you viewed it from …
- In both cases, what you saw changed because your relationship to …
Ex.5. Визначте які з поданих нижче речень правдиві, а які ні:
1. You have just taken a trip through visual space.
2. It will not appear that you have moved your finger, even though you know you have not.
3. Place your hand flat on the desk and spread your fingers apart.
4. When you looked at your hand, your eyes stayed in the same place, but your hand moved.
Питання для самоконтролю:
1.What three dimensions are we able to see?
2.Why may people who are looking at the same object see different shapes and forms?
Рекомендована література:
1. Rosalind Ragans, Ph.D. «Art Talk – Interactive Student Edition ( 4th Ed)» Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2005
2. Gene Mittler «Art in Focus» Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2006
Unil 6. Як художники використовують текстуру
How Artists Use Texture
Ex.1. Прочитайте та перекладіть поданий нижче слова:
collage
frottage
grattage
decalcomania
Ex.2. Прочитайте та перекладіть поданий нижче текст:
Figure 5.1
Thetexture of surfaces is important in every form of visual art. Our minds are full of texture memories. Artists use both visual and real textures to make you remember those texture experiences. Ivan Albright was a painter who loved to depict decaying, aging objects with meticulous precision. He painted the skin of the old gentleman in Figure 5.1to accent and exaggerate every tiny wrinkle. Look at the painting. How many different kinds of textures can you identify?
In contrast, Pierre-Auguste Renoir (ren-wahr) painted people with healthy, glowing complexions (Figure 5.2).How many different textures can you identify in this painting? Notice that both Albright and Renoir have imitated the texture of human skin. In each case, the artist has used texture to convey a feeling about the subject. In one painting the skin is appealing, in the other it is almost repulsive. Both artists have tried to control your reaction to the subject of the paintings through their use of visual texture.
Figure 5.2
Ex.3. Випишіть п’ять незнайомих вам слів з тексту: «How Artists Use Texture»
Ex.4. Складіть чотири запитання до тексту.
Питання для самоконтролю:
1.Define collage.
2.Describe a form of frottage.
Рекомендована література:
1. Rosalind Ragans, Ph.D. «Art Talk – Interactive Student Edition ( 4th Ed)» Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2005
2. Gene Mittler «Art in Focus» Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2006
Unit 7. The Language of Design
Мова дизайну
Ex.1. Прочитайте та перекладіть поданий нижче текст:
The Language of Design
As a speaker of English, you are aware that every language has rules of grammar. These rules govern the way separate words are combined to form sentences. In much the same way, the “language” of art has rules. Just as we use guidelines in language, artists use rules to create artworks. Known as principles of art,these are guidelines that govern the way artists organize the elements of art. There are eight art principlesin all. They are balance, variety, harmony,emphasis, proportion, pattern, movement,and rhythm. In this lesson you will learnabout the first of these principles—balance.
BALANCE IN ART
Do you recall learning to skate or ride a bicycle? You may recall having an occasional spill when you leaned too far in one direction or another. As your self-confidence and balance improved, these falls probably became less frequent.
In art, as in life, balance is also important. Balanceis concerned with arranging art elements
in an artwork so no one part of that work overpowers, or seems heavier than, any other part. Inthe real world, balance can be measured on a scale. If you put too much weight on one side of the scale it will not balance. In art, balanceis a function of “visual weight.” The art elementsare the visual weights in an artwork.Artists use three kinds of balance. Theseare formal balance, informal balance, and radialbalance. Every work of art, as you willsee, has one or another type of balance.
Formal Balance
Formal balance occurs when one half of a work mirrors or closely resembles the other half. Also called symmetrical balance (suhmeh- trih-kuhl), formal balance is the easiest type to notice. If you draw a line down the center of the work, each half would “mirror” the other.
Informal Balance
Informal,or asymmetrical (ay-suh-mehtrih- kuhl), balanceinvolves a balance of unlike objects or elements. A small shape painted bright red, for example, will have the same visual weight as a larger shape painted a duller hue.
Informal balance is often used to create interesting, true-to-life visual statements. Arranging objects or the elements of art informally can be very complicated. Yet, it can create strong visual interest when used skillfully.
Radial Balance
Radial balance occurs when elements of art or objects in an artwork are positioned around a central point.
Ex.2. Випишіть десять незнайомих вам слів з тексту: «The Language of Design»
Ex.3. Складіть чотири запитання до тексту.
Ex.4. Доповніть речення:
1. These rules govern the way separate words are …
2. You may recall having an occasional spill when you leaned too far in …
3. As your self-confidence and balance improved, these falls …
4. Theseare formal balance, informal balance, and …
5. A small shape painted bright red, for example, will have the same visual weight as …
Питання для самоконтролю:
1.What are the principles of art?
2.List the eight principles of art.
3.What is balance?
4.Compare and contrast how the three kinds of balance are used in artworks.
Рекомендована література:
1. Rosalind Ragans, Ph.D. «Art Talk – Interactive Student Edition ( 4th Ed)» Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2005
2. Gene Mittler «Art in Focus» Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2006
Unit 8. Рекламування
Ex.1. Підготуйте рекламу власної виставки.
Питання для самоконтролю:
- Які основні пункти реклами?
- Як найкраще розмістити інформацію на вашій рекламі?
Рекомендована література:
1. Богацкий И.С., Дюканова Н.М. «Бізнес курс англійської мови» ЛОГОС,2006.
2. Rosalind Ragans, Ph.D. «Art Talk – Interactive Student Edition ( 4th Ed)» Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2005
3. Gene Mittler, Ph.D. «Exploring Art» Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2005
Unit 9. Графіті
Ex. 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
The word 'graffito', the plural form is graffiti, is originally the Italian word for 'scratching'. It has now become the international word for the anonymous scribbling we all see on the walls and wooden fences, in the underground and in the public places.
Graffiti are as old as writing. In one way, they haven't changed much over centuries. Graffiti writers still scribble their own names. They still write about love and sex. But graffiti can also tell us about political and social conditions at a certain time.
Today there are more graffiti works than ever before. Why do we witness such an explosion? People always have an urge to express themselves and most people won't take the trouble to write letters to the editor of the newspaper or the like. Also in some countries writing on the wall is the only way left to show your feelings when you feel pushed around, frustrated, oppressed and powerless.
Is the simple reason for writing graffiti that the scribbler just wants to express himself? Or has it become too quick and easy with all the new spray paints and felt-tipped pens to produce graffiti? Certainly a lot of them are ugly, boring, aggressive and present a form of vandalism. But whatever the reason for them, the best ones are elaborate in design and are free entertainment — intelligent, witty and funny.
Ex.2. Складіть три запитання до тексту.
Ex.3. Виберіть вірну відповідь:
1. The word 'graffito' is of the ... origin.
a) Italian
b) English
c) Greek
2. Graffiti writers ... .
a) do not write their own names
b) assume strange names
c) scribble their own names
3. Graffiti....
a) can tell us about love and sex
b) are usually neutral in the setting of words and ideas In which a particular word or statement appears
c) are harmless to the public
4. Graffiti ate popular nowadays because ....
a) the police do not reprimand the graffiti artists
b) young people are aggressive by their nature and graffiti serves as an outlet of their emotions
c) a lot of young people are disillusioned by reality and graffiti is the only way left to show their feelings
Питання для самоконтролю:
- Що таке графіті?
- Чому люди малюють графіті?
Рекомендована література:
1. V. Evans, L. Edvards «Upstream: Student's Book Advanced» Express Publishing,-2003.
Unit 10. HARMONY IN ART
Гармонія у мистецтві
Ex. 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
HARMONY IN ART
Figure 9–1
Picture a coin with the word variety on its face. The word on the flip side of such a coin would be harmony. You know the term harmony from music, where it refers to two or more instruments or voice parts combining to create a pleasant sound. In art, harmonyis the principle of art concerned with combining similar art elements to create a pleasing appearance. In Figure 9–1O’Keeffe has used analogous colors to create harmony. Skilled artists use the principles of variety and harmony to successfully blend the art elements. Too much variety and too little harmony in a work can make it complicated and confusing. Focusing only on harmony, on the other hand, can make a work humdrum and uninteresting. Notice how the artist of the work in Figure 3–7 combines the two principles.
EMPHASIS IN ART
When you want to call attention to an important word in a sentence, what do you do? You underline or italicize the word. This makes it stand out visually from the rest of the words on the page. It gives the word emphasis. In art, emphasis has almost the same meaning. Emphasisis the principle of art concerned with making an element or object in an artwork stand out. The use of this principle helps
the artist control what part of a work the viewer looks at first. It also helps the artist control how long the viewer will spend looking at each of the different parts. Emphasis can be created by contrast or extreme changes in an element of art. Examine the portrait in Figure 9–2.The painting was done by Rembrandt. What do you notice first in this painting? Most likely, your attention was drawn to the woman’s face, the flower, or both. Notice that these areas are accentuated by the use of light. They stand out in vivid contrast to the rest of the painting, which is in shadow.
Figure 9–2
Ex.2. Випишіть десять незнайомих вам слів з тексту: «Harmony in art», «Emphasis in art».
Ex.3. Складіть чотири запитання до тексту.
Ex.4. Заповніть пропуски:
- Picture a coin with the … variety on its face.
- Skilled artists use the principles of variety and … to successfully blend the art elements.
- Too much variety and too little harmony in a work can make it … and confusing.
- This makes it stand out … from the rest of the words on the page.
- It also helps the artist control how long the … will spend looking at each of the different parts.
- Notice that these areas are … by the use of light.
Питання для самоконтролю:
1.Name two ways artists can achieve variety in works of art.
2.How do artists achieve harmony in works of art?
Рекомендована література:
1. Gene Mittler, Ph.D. «Exploring Art» Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2005
2. Gene Mittler, Ph.D. «Introducing Art» Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2005
Unit 11. THE ROLE OF DRAWING IN ART
Роль малюнка в мистецтві
Ex. 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
DRAWING
Have you ever watched a small child scribbling with crayons? Although you may not have known it at the time, you were witnessing drawing media in action. The media used in drawing are many and varied. In this lesson, you will learn about several. You will also learn about special ways in which artists use these media. Later, you will experiment using some of them yourself.
THE MEDIA OF DRAWING
The media of drawing are among the most extensive of any area of art. Many of these media coincide with writing materials you use every day. For example, pencils are considered drawing media and so is classroom chalk.