Words and Word Combinations to Remember
Ex.1 Read and study the following words and word combinations with their definitions. Translate them into Russian.
1. culture -the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society
2. to earn (awards) -to get a prize or other mark of recognition given in honour of an achievement
3. to employ (scientists) -give work to (someone) and pay them for it
4. to possess some fundamental secret to success– to havesomething that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others
5. to debunk (explanations. ideas) –to expose the falseness or hollowness of (an idea or belief)
6. superficial (explanations) -not thorough, deep, or complete
7. to track (the academic success) -follow the trail or movements of (someone or something), typically in order to find them or note their course
8. refugee (children) -a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
9. (to suffer) harrowing experiences -a harrowing experience is extremely upsetting or disturbing.
10. obstacles -a thing that blocks one's way or prevents or hinders progress
11. values (family/moral/traditional )-the beliefs people have about what is right and wrong and what is most important in life, which control their behaviour
12. to hold values –to have some principles or standards of behaviour; one's judgement of what is important in life
13. to place value on –to think that smth is important
14. to embody (the values) –to be a symbol or expression of
15. to absorbed values –to take in and understand values fully
16. to reflect (cultural values)– to show, represent
17. to be of (no) value -if something is of value, it is useful or important. If it is of no value, it has no usefulness or importance.
18. norms -a standard or pattern, especially of social behaviour, that is typical or expected
19. to follow norms –to behave in accordance with typical standards
20. folkways (Am) -the traditional behaviour or way of life of a particular community or group of people
21. to find a high correlation between smth –to finda mutual relationship or connection between two or more things
22. to hold achievement-oriented values –to be mainly concerned withan achievement
23. to take smth for granted –to assume that something is true without questioning it...
24. the concept of (culture) -an abstract idea; a general notion of culture
25. to turn to (an examination of) -to start to examine
26. to define smth (culture etc) –to give the meaning of
27. to share definitions of right and wrong –to possess a view what is right or wrong in common with others
28. the process of social interaction -the activity of being with and talking to other people, and the way that people react to each other
29. to pass (culture) on from generation to generation –to give from generation to generation
30. to exist independently of each other –to exist in a way that is not connected with other people
31. primitive -not developed
32. an ancestor -a person, typically one more remote than a grandparent, from whom one is descended предок
33. to transmit (information) to –to send, to transmit
34. to store (information) –to keep, to accumulate
35. complex information –information thatisnot easy to analyse and understand
36. to comprehend (abstract concepts) –to understand
37. justice -the quality of being fair and reasonable
38. an ideal -a principle, idea, or standard that seems very good and worth trying to achieve
39. sentiments -a attitude toward a situation or event which is based on their thoughts and feelings
40. to underlie (the system of laws) –to be the basis of
41. to be associated with smth –to be connected with something else in one's mind
42. complementary forces –forces that are different from each other but make a good combination by enhancing or emphasising qualities of each other
43. to comprise (all aspects of life) –are made up of…
44. flexible -able to be easily modified to respond to altered circumstances
45. precise –exact and accurate in all details
46. to convey complex subtleties –to communicatevery small details or differences which are not obvious
47. to shape (ideals and goals) –to form, determine
48. to be emotionally charged –to be filled or pervade (something) with a emotion
49. to provide smth for smb –to supply smb with smth
50. to excel in smth –to be exceptionally good at or proficient in an activity or subject
51. siblings -each of two or more children or offspring having one or both parents in common; a brother or sister
52. to allow smb ample time to do smth –to let smb have plentiful, more than enough time
53. to bring noticeable results –to bring obvious, easily seen results
54. to approve of -to agree, believe that smth is good
55. bravery -courageous behaviour
56. loyalty –the quality of staying firm in your friendship or support for someone or something.
57. to be fascinated by –to find smth very interesting and attractive, as a result one's thoughts tend to concentrate on it.
58. traits of (the character etc) -distinguishing qualities or characteristics
59. medieval (culture) -relating to the Middle Ages
60. to be consistent with –to be compatible, in agreement not containing any logical contradictions
61. profit-oriented (life) –to be mainly concerned with gaining profits
62. to mould (behaviour) -to mould someone or something means to change or influence them over a period of time so that they develop in a particular way.
63. to form attitudes –to shape a settled way of thinking or feeling about something
64. specific patterns of behaviour –a particular way of behaviour
65. afterthought -something that is thought of or added later
66. ingrained (habits, beliefs, attitudes) –firmly fixed or deeply established
67. to apply (theory) to –to use in real life
68. a valid point of view -having a sound basis in logic or fact; reasonable or cogent
69. to precede –to come before in time
70. reciprocal (relationships, actions, arrangements) -done according to an arrangement by which you do something for someone who does the same thing for you
71. to codify (norms, laws, rules) –to arrange into a systematic code
72. violators –criminals
73. to obey (norms, rules, laws) –to comply with, to behave in accordance with
74. to break (norms, rules, laws) –to violate
75. without serious consequence –without unpleasant results or effects, without any sanctions
76. sacred (norms, duty, procession) -something that is sacred is believed to be holy and to have a special connection with God.
77. to overlook (law, rule, norm) –to ignore, disregard
78. to (strictly) enforce (law, rule) -to make sure that a law or a rule is obeyed, usually by punishing people who do not obey it
79. mores -the essential or characteristic customs and conventions of a society or community
80. to enact (mores) -to make a law
81. to regulate (behaviour)–to control by means of rules
82. human conduct -he manner in which a person behaves, especially in a particular place or situation
83. to conform (rules, laws, standards)–comply with, behave according to socially acceptable conventions or standards следовать, подчиняться правилам
84. socially acceptable ways (of behaviour) –suitable for society, those that most people approve of or consider to be normal
85. deviance -state of diverging from usual or accepted standards in social behaviour
86. extensive sanctions -a threatened serious penalty for disobeying a law or rule
87. to adapt to (changing conditions) -become adjusted to new conditions
88. to have access to smth -the right or opportunity to use or benefit from something
89. ethical issues -relating to moral principles, to beliefs about right and wrong
- proscriptive –using proscriptions, the action of forbidding something, запретительные
- prescriptive -prescriptive approach to something involves telling people what they should do, rather than simply giving suggestions or describing what is done, arising from long-standing custom or usage предписывающие, основанные на давнем обычае
Ex.2 Listen to the speaker. Be ready to answer the questions.