Simple to give to be given

Perfect to have given to have been given

Continuous to be giving __

Perfect Continuous to have been giving __

In a sentence Infinitive can be:

1) the subject To know him is to love him.

2) a part of a predicate I can play tennis.

3) an attribute There is nobody to help me.

4) an object Where did you learn to speak English?

5) an adverbial modifier You are clever enough to understand it.

The Continuous Infinitive is often used after the verbs: appear; happen; pretend; seem. It is also possible after: agree; arrange; decide; determine; hope; manage; plan and auxiliary verbs.

He seems to be following us.

The Perfect Infinitive is possible after: appear; hope; pretend; seem and auxiliary verbs.

He should have helped her.

Infinitive is used without ‘to’’ after:

- auxiliary verbs We shall help you.

- modal verbs May I come in?

- the verbs expressing senses I heard her sing once.

- ‘let’ (предоставлять), Let me do it myself.

- ‘make’ (заставлять) He made us get up early.

- ‘help’ He will help you do it.

- ‘nothing but’, ‘can’t help but’ I could not help but say it.

- ‘why’ and ‘why not’ Why not go to the country?

Exercise 1.Use the infinitives with or without ‘to’.

1. I think you must . . . do this exercise without a dictionary. 2. What makes you . . . think so. 3. She came up to the door . . . open it. 4. I’m awfully glad . . . have met you. 5. Why not . . . go and see him one of these days? 6. Have you ever heard her . . . sing? 7. It is the only thing . . . do. 8. Why should you . . . go there? 9. They don’t allow me . . . smoke here. 10. These are the letters . . . be typed tomorrow. 11. Are you sure he will help us . . . do it? 12. Do not make me . . . do it, I’m awfully short of time. 13. You were right when you told me not . . . leave the party. I am so glad . . . have met her. 14. You don’t have . . . worry, I’ll . . . do it for you.

Exercise 2.Open the brackets using the correct form of the Infinitive.

1. I’m really pleased (to see) you here. 2. Here are the instructions (to carry out). 3. I’d like (to lie) in the sun right now. 4. I asked (to inform) as soon as there was any news. 5. She didn’t know what (to do). 6. When he looked at the elderly lady he remembered (to see) her the day before. 7. He is not (to trust). 8. I am sorry (to keep) you waiting. 9. I am so sorry (to miss) that evening. 10. The girl seems (to sleep).

Exercise 3.Use one of the infinitives in brackets, give two variants

where possible and explain the difference.

1. They want (to discuss/ to have discussed) this project. 2. They were (to come/ to have come) by this time already. 3. We must hurry not (to be late/ to have been late) for the party. 4. The man seemed (to study/ to be studying) me attentively. 5. The only sound (to hear/ to be heard) was the ticking of the old clock downstairs. 6. They are glad (to invite/ to have invited) you for the conference. 7. He is lucky (to be visiting/ to have visited) so many countries. 8. Children like (to tell/ to be told) fairy tales. 9. Is there anything else (to tell/ to be told) him about ? 10. I’m glad (to be given/ to have been given) this book.

Exercise 4.Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the form of the Infinitive.

The cause of the increasing use of metals is to be found in their characteristic properties. 2. A computer software programme has been developed to conduct an effective analysis. 3. In the present study this type of alloys have been shown to have better properties. 4. The first metals to be used by primitive men were those that are found free in nature. 5. In considering the chemical properties of metals, the first point to be noted is that they vary widely in degree of chemical activity. 6. Part of the initial motivation to study this problem was to determine how many atoms are required for a tiny lump of material to attain the properties of the bulk solid. 7. To produce desired shapes, such as bars or sheets, the rolling is usually done in two or more rolling operations. 8. Ductility and malleability are qualitative forms describing the relative ability of metals to stand plastic deformation. 9. To refine the structure of the metal is one of the primary reasons for hot mechanical working of steel. 10. The two main reasons for forging steels are to reduce the block of metal to approximately the dimensions of the finished article.

Text 2

Results of Immigration

Pre- reading Task

1. Read the text given below and find the answers to the following questions:

a) What lies in America’s diversity?

b) Where did the ‘old’ immigrants tend to settle?

c) Where did the so-called ‘new’ immigrants settle?

d) Did the immigrants assimilate or did they preserve their culture?

e) Immigrants have accelerated the economic growth of the US, haven’t they? How?

f) Is unemployment a direct result of immigration?

The “roots of American diversity” lie in immigration. America is diversity. Thus both the richness of the heritage and the problems the Americans face today - and the keys to the solution of tomorrow - lie in this diversity.

There are also changing factors in the patterns of immigration. When both the colonial European and “old” wave immigrants came, there was a push to leave the seaboard and go to the west. The so-called “new” immigrants coming in the late nineteenth and early part of the twentieth century, tended to stay in the cities. It is true, however, that the “nordics” that came during that period, settled in the Mid-West. Today’s wave of immigrants go to all states, but they tend to congregate on just six: New York, California, Florida, New Jersey, Illinois and Texas. That has rather profound implications for the political process.

Earlier groups suffered through some loss of their cultural heritage. To some it was no loss. But the vastness of the country, an economic system that encouraged the learning of English for the marketplace, and a political system that encouraged naturalization and voting in English - made for assimilation. The problem in this area today is that while the economic push is there, the political system is allowing voting in other (Spanish) languages. It could be a trend that will have culture-altering effects on the nation.

America’s emergence as a major power, coincided with the major waves of immigration. This is not to say that it could not have developed without, for example, the “new” immigrants. But it would have been without the rapidity. The immigrants brought skills, or a strong body, at a time that the industrialization did not require excessive training. The great expansion of the period 1865 to 1910 would not have been possible without them. In fact, the Americans often take a very limited view of their role. For not only were they laborers, but also the consumers: they were a market. Most immigrants came at the prime age in life to join the work force. So the society as a whole did not have the costs of “rearing them to a working age.”

It has been demonstrated in the current wave of illegal aliens that immigrants do not take jobs other Americans want. Their presence here is an absolute must for society. They do not take jobs away from “older” Americans during depressions.

Contrary to a widely held view not all immigrants begin at the bottom and work their way to the top. Some start at the top as noted by the President’s Commission on Immigration and Naturalization when it drew up the following list:

“No roster of leading Americans in business, science, arts and the professions could be complete without the names of many immigrants. In our history the following aliens may be mentioned, among many, who became outstanding industrialists: Andrew Carnegie (Scot) in the steel industry; John Jacob Astor(German) in the fur industry; the DuPonts(French) of the munitions and chemical industry; Charles L.Fleischmann(Hungarian) of the yeast business; David Sarnoff(Russian) of the radio industry; and William S.Knudsen(Danish) of the automobile industry.

Immigrant scientists and inventors . . . whose genius has benefited the United States are Albert Einstein (German) in physics; Michael Pupin(Serbian) in electricity; Enrico Fermi(Italian) in atomic research; John Ericsson(Swedish) who invented the ironclad ship and the screw propeller; Guiseppe Bellanca(Italian) and Igor Sikorsky(Russian) who made outstanding contributions to airplane development; John A.Udden(Swedish) who was responsible for opening the Texas oil fields; Lucas P.Kyrides(Greek), industrial chemistry; David Thomas(Welsh) who invented the hot blast furnace; Alexanger Graham Bell(Scot) who invented the telephone; Conrad Huber(Russian) who invented the flashlight; and Otto Mergenthaler(German) who invented the linotype machine ..

The list is endless for Americans are all immigrants.”

Task 2.

Comprehension Check

Exercise 1.There are some general statements about American immigration.

For each statement give as many details as you can (examples,

reasons, results, descriptions). Include only details directly

related to each statement.

1. There are changing factors in the pattern of immigration.

2. Earlier groups have suffered through some loss of their cultural heritage.

3. Immigrants have contributed much to the US economic development.

Exercise 2.Do you agree with the author of this article?

Give reasons for your point of view.

Exercise 3.Choose the word or phrase which best completes each

sentence.

1. It had . . . implications for political development.

a) deep b) profound c) serious d) vague

2. I took a course in English with a(n) . . . to work as an interpretor.

a) intention b) purpose c) aim d) obstacle

3. The problems we . . . today are the direct result of your former mistakes.

a) come across b) meet c) face d) cope with

4. The society has no . . . of “rearing immigrants to a working age.”

a) expenditures b) costs c) spendings d) finance

5. My former colleagues . . . me to take this course by promising a good job afterwards.

a) encourage b) advise c) consult d) impose

6. The government has spent $ 1 million on an advertising . . . to encourage energy conservation.

a) promotion b) operation c) enterprise d) campaign

7. It is . . . to work abroad without an official permission.

a) against regulations b) unloyal c) immoral d) illegal

8. It’s only a small flat but it . . . my needs perfectly.

a) supplies b) fills c) meets d) settles

Oral Practice

Curriculum Vitae. A Job Interview

A Curriculum Vitae (CV) is a kind of autobiography an applicant for a job should present. Usually the date of the last job is given before educational background.

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Patricia Flynch

Date of birth: 5 April 1968

Nationality: British

Address: 11 High Street, Ramsgate EH3 2LM, Kent, England

tel 01282-448-5612

1991 - 1994 Sheffield Silver-works, engineer

1986 - 1990 B. Eng (Honours), Imperial College of Science, Technology

and Medicine

1990 - 1991 London Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Diploma in

Public Relations

1994 to present National Trust Fund. In charge of relations with European