Як...так і; neither... Nor ні...ні.

Neitherhis father norhis mother works here.

1.2 Translate the following according to the models:

1. Both his brother and sister are the students of dental technical department. 2. He is either a doctor's assistant or a dental technician. 3. He has neither sister nor brother. 4. She passed not only special medical check-up but also diagnostic tests. 5. They practice neither a good oral hygiene nor proper tooth brushing. 6. He is either at the office or at the laboratory. 7. They eat neither fruits nor vegetables.

Самостійна робота 8

1. Read and translate the text:

Gastrointestinal Diseases

There are many types of digestive disorders. They are also called gastrointestinal diseases. These include: dyspepsia or indigestion, gastritis, colitis, gastroenteritis, ulcerative colitis and many others. The symptoms of indigestion are: pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, feeling full or bloated, heartburn, nausea. Indigestion is a common problem and many people have it from time to time.Most people will not need to seek medical advice for their indigestion. However, it can be a sign of an underlying health condition that affects the digestive system.

Ulcers are open sores in the lining of the stomach and small intestine. Alcohol use, cigarette smoking, stress, or poor diet can cause an overproduction of acid. Ulcers are often a result of this excess acidic condition. They may bleed or penetrate the stomach tissue. Ulcers may be treated with medications and diet, but surgery is sometimes necessary.

Gastroenteritis is an infection of the stomach and bowel. The most common symptoms are repeated episodes of diarrhea (three or more episodes within the space of 24 hours) and vomiting. Gastroenteritis can be caused by a virus or by a number of different types of bacteria. Typically, bacterial gastroenteritis develops as a result of food poisoning.

Ulcerative colitis causes the colon to become inflamed (swollen) and in severe cases, ulcers (painful sores) may form on the lining of the colon. These ulcers can bleed and produce mucus and pus. Symptoms of ulcerative colitis can range from mild to severe. They can flare up and then disappear (go into remission) for months or even years. Mild condition can usually be controlled using medication. One in five people with ulcerative colitis have severe symptoms that often respond less well to medication. In these cases, it may be necessary to surgically remove the colon.

2. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What gastrointestinal diseases do you know? 2. What are the symptoms of indigestion? 3. What are ulcers? 4. How may ulcers be treated? 5. What is gastroenteritis? 6. How many people with ulcerative colitis have severe symptoms? 7. What does ulcerative colitis cause?

Lesson 13

The Accessory Organs of Digestion

1. Pre-reading activities.

1.1 Read and memorize the words:

acid - кислота liquid – рідкий

gland - залоза amount – кількість

store - накопичувати starch – крохмаль

a greenish sac - зеленуватий мішок

1.2 Match the words-combinations:

fatty acids найбільша залоза

pass into the lymph цукор і крохмаль

thin walls виробляє гормони

the amount of food жирні кіслоти

the largest gland потрапляють в лімфу

produces hormones тонкі стінки

sugars and starches кількість їжи

2. Reading activities

2.1 Read and translate the text about digestion:

Digestion

During digestion, food is broken down into substances that the blood can carry and the cells can absorb. Carbohydrates bесоmе sugars and proteins are turned into amino acids. Some fats pass into the blood, others become fatty acids and glycerol and pass into the lymph. Body-chemicals called enzymes help these digestive changes. In the small intestine, the now liquid food substances reach the bloodstream. Parts of the small intestine are lined with tiny 'fingers' called villi. These have extremely thin walls, through which the food substances pass into the small vessels of the bloodstream, the capillaries. Other substances pass into the lymph vessels.

The liver is the largest gland in the body, and plays an essential part in digestion. In it, some 500 chemical, processes take place. Through the hepatic portal vein, it receives most of the food substances from digestion. It stores some, and regulates the amount of food that enters the main part of the body's bloodstream.

The pancreas is a large gland. It is located behind the stomach. The pancreas produces hormones - insulin and glucagons. These hormones regulate metabolism of sugars and starches in the body.

The gall bladder is a greenish sac that stores bile.

3. Post-reading activities

3.1 Give the Ukrainian equivalents:

is broken down into substances; become sugars; are turned

into amino acids; pass into the blood; tiny 'fingers' called villi; the small vessels of the bloodstream; the largest gland in the body; the hepatic portal vein; regulates the amount of food.

3.2 Give the English equivalents:

перетворюються на жирні кислоти; в тонкому кішечнику; надзвичайно тонкі стінки; потрапляють в лімфотичні судини; найбільша залоза; відіграє важливу роль; розташована позаду шлунка; виробляє гормони.

3.3 Say if it true or false:

1. Carbohydrates become amino acids, and proteins are turned into sugars.

2. Body-chemicals called enzymes help these digestive changes.

3. In the large intestine, the now liquid food substances reach the bloodstream.

4. The liver plays an essential part in digestion.

5. Through the hepatic portal artery, it receives most of the food substances from digestion.

6. Insulin and glucagons regulate metabolism of sugars and starches in the body.

7. The gall bladder is a greyish sac that stores bile.

3.4 Answer the questions to the text:

1. What is food broken down into during digestion? 2. What do carbohydrates become? 3. Where do some fats pass into? 4. Where do the now liquid food substances reach the bloodstream? 5. What are parts of the small intestine lined with? 6. What is the largest gland in the body? 7. The pancreas is a large gland, isn't it? 8. What does the gallbladder store?

Прийменник

За допомогою прийменників передаються українські

відмінки в англійській мові:

Англійський загальний відмінок   вімінок	Український відмінок	Приклади
of	родовий	І live in the centre of the city. The students of our institute are here.
to	давальний	I sent a letter to my parents.
by, with	орудний	The article was written by this student He writes with a pen.
about, of	знахідний	We often think about our vacation.
on	місцевий	Many books are on the table.

Exercise 1 Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на способи передачі відмінків:

1. Не showed the exercise to his teacher. 2. My friend's house is in the centre of the town. 3. This device was invented by our doctor. 4. The teacher showed the students a diagram. 5. I cannot write with this pen. 6. The text translated by us was difficult. 7. They often think about their friends. 8. This library has a lot of English books.

Exercise 2 Заповніть пропуски, де необхідно, потрібними прийменниками:

1. In the centre ... our city we have a large theatre. 2. I often write letters ... my friends. 3. We think ... the exams. 4. We work ... these instruments. 5. He showed ... the teacher his control work. 6. He is a member ... the research circle. 7. The article written ... this student is interesting. 8. I often think ... my friends. 9. We write ... our pens. 10. The students ... our group worked at the hospital yesterday.

Прийменники часу

After after five o'clock, after dinner

At at two o'clock, at night, at noon

Before before the end of March, before 5 o'clock

By by 6 o'clock, by Monday

During during the holidays

From ... till (to) from 3 till 5 o'clock, from 1976 till 1985

In in May, in 1998, in the morning

On on Sunday, on the first of May

Exercise 3 Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на прийменники часу:

1. We attend lectures in Biology on Mondays. 2. The third-year students have their practice in March. 3. They have practical training from the beginning of February till the end of March. 4. We shall finish our work before five o'clock. 5. This doctor continued his work after dinner. 6. They started their work before nine o'clock. 7. My father will come home by six o'clock. 8, During the last year he learned French hard.

Lesson 14

The Central Nervous System (CNS)

1. Pre-reading activities

1.1 Read and memorize the words:

the central nervous system (CNS) – центральна нервова система;

the peripheral nervous system (PNS) – периферична нервова система;

spinal cord – спинний мозок; brain – мозок;

nerve cells – нервові клітини; fissure – борозна, щілина;

nerve tissue – нервова тканина; neurons – нейрони;

cerebrum – головний мозок cerebellum – мозочок;

brain stem – стовбур мозку; cervical nerves – шийні нерви;

cerebral cortex – кора головного мозку;

folds and ridges – складки і борозни;

1.2 Match the words-combinations:

links us with the outside world кора головного мозку

brain and spinal cord маса сірої речовини

integrate incoming information основні функції організму

cerebral cortex зовнішня нервова тканина

contain cerebrospinal fluid збирати інформацію

the outer nervous tissue зв’язує з навколишнім світом

a mass of grey matter головний і спинний мозок

basic body functions містить спинномозкову рідину

2. Reading activities

2.1 Read and translate the text:

The Nervous System

The nervous system links us with the outside world and coordinates the activities of the other body systems. The nervous system enables us to respond to stimuli. Together with the endocrine system, the nervous system works continuously to preserve homeostasis.

The two principal divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.

The brain is one of the most complicated structures ever been constructed by nature. The outer nervous tissue of the cerebrum is known as cerebral cortex. It consists of folds, ridges and fissures. There are four cavities within the brain. They are called ventricles. The ventricles contain cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid protects the brain and spinal cord from shock.

Thalamus and hypothalamus are two important parts of the brain. Thalamus is a mass of grey matter. It monitors the stimuli we receive by suppressing some of them and increasing others. Hypothalamus regulates many basic body functions, such as sleep, appetite, temperature and some emotions (fear and pleasure).

The PNS includes all of the cranial and spinal nerves. The PNS may be subdivided into somatic and autonomic divisions. Sensory receptors and nerves concerned with changes in the outside environment are somatic. Sensory receptors and nerves that regulate the internal environment are autonomic. The autonomic nervous system regulates the action of the glands, smooth muscles of the hollow organs and the heart. Both systems have afferent nerves,also called sensory nerves, that transmit messages from receptors to the CNS and efferent nerves,also called motor nerves that transmit information back from the CNS to the structures that must respond. The autonomic system has sympathetic pathways and parasympathetic pathways.

3. Post-reading activities

3.1 Answer the questions to the text:

1. What links us with the outside world and coordinates the activities of the other body systems? 2. What are the two principal divisions of the nervous system? 3. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, doesn’t it? 4. What part of nervous system is the centre of regulation and coordination of the body activities? 5. What surrounds the brain and spinal cord? 6. What is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid? 7. What does thalamus monitor? 8. What does hypothalamus regulate?

3.2 Fill in the blanks:

1. The eye is the sense organ of .... 2. The ear is the sense organ of .... 3. The weight of the ... is up to two kilograms. 4. The outer nervous tissue of the cerebrum is known as ... . 5. ... surround the brain and spinal cord. 6. The spinal cord is a column of nervous ... . 7. ... perform the function of the coordination of the human activities all over the body.

(tissue, cerebral cortex, hearing, brain, vision, membranes, nerve cells )

3.3 Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents:

the nervous system, the two principal divisions, control center of the body, determine appropriate responses; the outer nervous tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, a mass of grey matter, regulates many basic body functions.

3.4 Suggest the English equivalents:

зв’язує нас з навколишнім світом; відповідати на подразники; центральна нервова система; периферична нервова система; складки, борозни, щілини; захищає головний та спинний мозок.

3.5 Say if it is true or false:

1. The nervous system coordinates the activities of the other body systems.

2. The CNS consists of the brain and neurons.

3. The spinal cord is one of the most complicated structures ever been constructed by nature.

4. The outer nervous tissue of the cerebrum is known as cerebral cortex.

5. Cerebral cortex consists of folds, ridges and fissures.

6. Hypothalamus is a mass of grey matter.

7. Thalamus regulates many basic body functions.

3.6 Read and translate additional text:

Sleep

During sleep, we usually pass through five phases of sleep: stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. We spend almost 50 percent of our total sleep time in stage 2 sleep, about 20 percent in REM sleep, and the remaining 30 percent in the other stages.

During stage 1, which is light sleep, we drift in and out of sleep and can be awakened easily. Our eyes move very slowly and muscle activity slows. People awakened from stage 1 sleep often remember fragmented visual images. When we enter stage 2 sleep, our eye movements stop and our brain waves become slower, with occasional bursts of rapid waves called sleep spindles. In stage 3, extremely slow brain waves called delta waves begin to appear, interspersed with smaller, faster waves. By stage 4, the brain produces delta waves almost exclusively. It is very difficult to wake someone during stages 3 and 4, which together are called deep sleep. There is no eye movement or muscle activity. People awakened during deep sleep do not adjust immediately and often feel groggy and disoriented for several minutes after they wake up. When we switch into REM sleep, our breathing becomes more rapid, irregular, and shallow, our eyes jerk rapidly in various directions, and our limb muscles become temporarily paralyzed. Our heart rate increases, our blood pressure rises. When people awaken during REM sleep, they often describe bizarre and illogical tales – dreams.

Grammar

Неособові форми дієслова

До неособових форм належать інфінітив, дієприкметник і герундій.

Інфінітив (The Infinitive) - неособова форма дієслова, яка тільки називає дію і має властивості як іменника, так і дієслова Інфінітив вживається з часткою to, яка стоїть перед ним.

То learn languages is useful.

І want to become a doctor.

Дієприкметник - неособова форма дієслова, що має властивості прикметника, прислівника і дієслова.

Present Participle утворюється за допомогою закінчення - ing, яке додається до основи дієслова:

to read - reading to speak - speaking

Past Participle, утворений від правильного дієслова, має закінчення - ed:

worked, asked, cleaned

Past Participle неправильних дієслів збігається з III формою дієслова:

written, given, done

Герундій - неособова форма дієслова, яка тільки називає дію і маг властивості іменника і дієслова. Герундій утворюється від основи дієслова за допомогою закінчення і повністю збігається з дієприкметником теперішнього часу.

to read – reading to write - writing

I like reading. Я люблю читати.

Reading is useful. Читання корисне.

Прочитайте та перекладіть речення, визначте неособові форми дієслова:

1. І am glad to meet you. 2. The man sitting in the corner works in this hospital. 3. He gave up smoking. 4. She insisted on going to the library. 5. They would like to stay here. 6. I am sorry for not telling you that. 5. He found the story to be interesting. 6. Entering the operating-room we saw the surgeon here. 7. I saw them going downstairs early in the morning. 8. He insisted on her coming back. 9. It is necessary to give the first aid in time.

Самостійна робота №9

1. Read and translate the text:

Depression

Depression is more than simply feeling unhappy or fed up for a few days. Depression affects people in many different ways and can cause a wide variety of symptoms. They range from lasting feelings of sadness and hopelessness to losing interest in the things you used to enjoy and feeling very tearful or anxious. There can be physical symptoms too such as feeling constantly tired, sleeping badly, having no appetite and complaining of various aches and pains.

The severity of the symptoms can vary. At its mildest, you may simply feel persistently low in spirit, while at its most severe, depression can make you feel suicidal and that life is no longer worth living. Many people wait a long time before seeking help for depression, but it is best not to delay. The sooner you see a doctor, the sooner you can be on the way to recovery.

2. Say if it is true or false:

1. Depression is more than simply feeling unhappy or fed up for a few days.

2. There are no physical symptoms in case of depression.

3. The severity of the symptoms can vary.

4. Depression can make you feel suicidal at its mildest form.

5. You may simply feel persistently low in spirit at its most severe form.

6. The sooner you see a doctor, the sooner you can be on the way to recovery.

Lesson 15

Sensory System

1. Pre-reading activities

1.1 Read the words and memorize them:

touch - дотик visual - зоровий;

ascertain – визначити auditory - слуховий;

sight – зір olfactory – нюховий

hearing - слух meatus - отвір;

smell – нюх taste - смак

sweet - солодкий occur - відбувається

bitter - гіркий; perception - сприйняття

sour — кислий

relatively crude - відносно недосконалий

1.2 Match the words-combinations:

sense organ друга за значимістю

main function відбувається в роті

sound vibration органи чуття

second in significance чутливість шкіри

detects smells головна функція

olfactory receptors звукові коливання

occurs in the mouth нюхові рецептори

skin sensibility виявляє запахи

2. Reading activities

2.1 Read and translate the text:

Sensory system

There are five main senses. They are sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. The visual sensory system is the most important sense organ of man. Almost ninety per cent of the information is supplied to the brain through eyes. The human eye is a spherical organ. Its structure is rather complicated.

Hearing is the reception of sound vibration by the ear. This is the main function of this organ. Another function of the ear is that of providing sense of balance. Auditory sensory system is the second in significance for the normal life of man. The auditory system is subdivided into three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear.

Smell is one of the five senses. It is the nose that performs olfactory response and detects smells by means of the specialized olfactory nerve endings. The receptors of the olfactory sensory system are located in the region of the superior meatuses of the nose. The total number of the olfactory receptors in man is ten million.

Taste is a relatively crude sense. Only four basic tastes can be distinguished: sweet, sour, salty and bitter. Some additional flavours can be determined because of the combination of sense of taste with a sense of smell. Tasting occurs in the mouth where the tongue is lodged. The tongue is covered with papillae that contain cells sensitive to the chemical nature of food.

When we speak of the somatosensory perception we do not only mean the system of skin sensibility but also the sensory system of a skeletomuscular apparatus. They both are capable of responding to touch and perceiving heat, cold, pressure, vibration and pain. Hair covering the human skin also contributes to tactile perception. It is only through physical contact and touch with the objects that we can ascertain their features, such as their size, shape, surface texture and temperature.

3. Post-reading activities

3.1Give the Ukrainian equivalents:

five main senses; sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch; is supplied to the brain through eyes; rather complicated; the reception of sound vibration; providing sense of balance; auditory sensory system; is subdivided into three parts; detects smells; the specialized olfactory nerve endings; a relatively crude sense; sweet, sour, salty and bitter; the combination of sense of taste with a sense of smell; is covered with papillae; skin sensibility; tactile perception; ascertain their features.

3.2 Give the English equivalents:

найбільш важливий орган відчуття; око людини; досить складний; сприйняття вібрації звуку; забезпечувати відчуття рівноваги; середнє вухо; спеціальні нюхові нервові закінчення; загальна кількість нюхових рецепторів; поєднання відчуття смаку з відчуттям нюху; вміщують клітини чутливі до хімічного складу їжі; чутливість шкіри; реагувати на дотик; завдяки фізичному контакту.

3.3 Say if it is true or false:

1. There are five main senses.

2. Almost eighty per cent of the information is supplied to the brain through eyes.

3. Hearing is the reception of sound vibration by the ear.

4. Another function of the ear is that of providing sense of humour.

5. The auditory system is subdivided into two parts.

6. The total number of the olfactory receptors in man is ten million.

7. Only five basic tastes can be distinguished.

8. Hair covering the human skin also contributes to tactile perception.

3.4 Answer the questions:

1. How many senses do we have?

2. What are they?

3. What is the structure of the human eye?

4. What is the main function of the ear?

5. How many parts is the auditory system divided into?

6. What performs olfactory response and detects smells by means of the specialized olfactory nerve endings?

7. What kind of sense is taste?

8. How many basic tastes can we distinguish?

9. How can we ascertain the features of the objects?

3.5 Fill in:

1. The visual sensory system is the most important ...organ of man. 2. Almost ninety per cent of the information is supplied to the brain through .... . 3. Hearing is the reception of ... by the ear. 4. Another function of the ... is that of providing sense of balanсе.5. The auditory system is subdivided into ... parts. 6. It is the ... that performs olfactory response and detects smells. 7. The receptors of the olfactory sensory system are located in the region of the … of the nose. 8. Taste is a relatively ... sense. 9. Only four ... tastes can be distinguished. 10. The tongue is covered with ... that contain cells sensitive to the chemical nature of food.

Grammar