Historical Background and Linguistic Situation

1. When the first people arrived to Britain 50000 B.C. it was still part of the continent. Later, 5000 B.C., at the end of the Ice Age, Britain became an island separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel.

2. The first distinctive inhabitants of the British Isles were the Iberianswho came from the territory of present-day Spain around3000 B.C. They were known for their stone work and battle axes made of stone.

3. The Beaker Falkwho came from Eastern Europe around 2000 B.C. were known for their pottery.

4. The Pictscame around 1000 B.C.They were considered to be a mixture of the Celts and the Iberians and were called so because they were covered all over with paintings and tattoos. Their language is still a mystery for the scholars – it can be easily read but the scholars cannot decode it (cannot understand what is written).

5. The next to come were the Celts.They arrived in 700 B.C. from the territory of Central and Northern Europe. There were 2 main Celtic tribes that settled in the British Isles:

Tribe	Scots	Britons
Place of Settlement	first they settled in Ireland and then moved to Scotland and intermixed with the Picts	settled in the south-east of England
Celtic Languages	The Gaelic Branch	The Britonnic Branch
1. Irish/Erse (Ireland)	1. Breton (Brittany, modern France)
2. Scotch Gaelic (the Scottish Highlands)	2. Welsh (Wales)
3. Manx (dead; the Isle of Man)	3. Cornish (dead; Cornwall)

The Celts also had their own ancient alphabet called Ogham(additional information).

6. The Romans:

55 B.C.– Julius Caesar attacked Britain. Reasons:

· economic (tin ore, corn, slaves);

· political (the Romans fought with the Celts of Gaul on the continent who found shelter in Britain and were supported by the Celts of Britain).

Soon after his arrival, Julius Caesar left Britain with many slaves and riches.

43 A.D. –Emperor Claudius conquered Britain and it became a province of the Roman Empire. Contributions:

· paved roads;

· cities (trading centres);

· walls (protection from the Celts – e.g. Hadrian’s Wall between England and Scotland);

· Latin language (literacy).

410 A.D. –the Roman Empire began to collapse and the Roman troops were withdrawn from Britain and sent home to help and preserve the Empire.

7.After the 5^th c. the 3 waves of the Germanic tribesarrived to Britain:

Wave	1st	2nd	3rd
Tribe	Jutes or/and Frisians	Saxons	Angles
Kingdoms	Kent, Isle of Wight	Sussex	Essex	Wessex	East Anglia	Mercia	Northumbria

The feudal system that the Germanic tribes brought with themselves had led to the isolation of each tribe and political disunity (feudal wars). As a result, this period witnessed a great dialectal diversity.The most important dialects were the dialects of the 4 most powerful kingdoms:

Old English Dialects

Kingdom	Kent	Wessex	Mercia	Northumbria
Dialect	Kentish	West Saxon	Mercian	Northumbrian
Spoken	in Kent, Surrey, the Isle of Wight	along the Thames and the Bristol Channel	between the Thames and the Humber	between the Humber and the Forth
Origin	from the tongues of Jutes/ Frisians	a Saxon dialect	a dialect of north Angles	a dialect of south Angles
Remarks		9th c. – Wessex was the centre of the English culture and politics. West Saxon – the bookish type of language (Alfred the Great – the patron of culture and learning)		8th c. – Northumbria was the centre of the English culture

The first historian who started to record the history of the Germanic tribes on the British Isles and is considered to be the first English historian is Bede the Venerable, an English monk, who wrote “The Ecclesiastical History of the English People”.

The most important dialect in the Old English period was the WEST SAXON DIALECT.

8. Christianity – 597 (6^th c.)

There were 2 forces that worked together to spread Christianity in Britain:

· missioners from Rome (founded the religious centre in Canterbury);

· missioners from Ireland (the Celts were already christened).

Consequences:

· centralization of the country;

· development of the culture and learning (monasteries, schools, etc.); Latin was the language of the church and learning.

9.In the 8^th – 9^th c. Britain was raided and attacked by the Danes/Scandinavians/Vikings.The only king who was able to keep them at bay was Alfred the Great of Wessex. In 878the Treaty of Wedmore was signed and England was divided into Wessex(belonged to Alfred) and Danelaw (belonged to the Danes). But as soon as the Scandinavian dialects also belonged to the Germanic group, the Danes soon linguistically merged into the local Old English dialects leaving some Scandinavian elements in them.

Lecture 6