To see, to feel, to watch, to observe

THE INFINITIVE, GERUND, PARTICIPLE

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abrahams P. — Abrah. Aldington R.— R. Aid. Aldridge J. — J. Aid. Amis — Amis Austen J. — J. Aust. Banks L. — Banks Bark P. — P. B. Bates I. — Bates Bennet A. — Bennet Bronte Ch. —Bronte Cain J. — Cain Carter D. — Cart. Carter N. — N. Cart. Cecil H. — H. Cec. Chase J. — J. Ch. Christie A. — A. Chr. Conrad J. — Conr. Cooper F. — F. C. Cronin A. — Cron. Cusack D. — Cus. Davis J. — Davis Dickens Ch. — Ch. D. Dickens M. — M. D. Donleavy I. — Donleavy Dreiser Th. — Dr. Einstein Ch. — Einstein Eleven American Stories —Am. St. Fitzerald F. — F. F. Fleming J. — Flem. Forster E. — Forster.. Gr. — Gr. Gr. Hailey A.-A. H Hemingway b. — b. n. Henry 0. —0. H. Hitchcock A. — H. A. Huxley A. — Huxley Irving W. —W. I. James H. — James

Galsworthy J. — Galsw. Greene Gr. — Gr. Gr. Hailey A.-A. H Hemingway E. — E. H. Henry 0. —0. H. Hitchcock A. — H. A. Huxley A. — Huxley Irving W. —W. I. James H. — James Jerome K. Jerome — J. K. J. Kipling R. — Kipling Lawrence D. H. — Law. Lindsay J. — Lind. London J. — J. L. Maltz A. — Maltz Mansfield K. — K. Man. Maugham S. — S. M. Maurier D. — D. M. Morning Star — M. S. Murdock I. — I. M. Parker D. — D. P. Priestley J. —J. Pr. Rhys J. —J. Rh. Robbins H. — H. R. Robins D. — D. Rob. Salinger J. —J. Sal. Saroyan W. — W. S. Satire A. — Satire Shaw B. —B. Sh. Shaw I. — I. Sh. Shute N. —Shute Sillitoe —Sill. Snow Ch. — Snow Spark M. — Spark Stevenson R. — Steve. Still Life—St. L. The Best One-Act Plays of 1960-61 — The Best Plays The Pocket Book of Adventure Stories — The Pocket Book Unvexed Isles — Un. Is. Twain M. — M. T. Vickers F. — Vickers Walpole H. — H. Wal. Ward B. —Ward Wells H. — H. W. White P. — White Wilde 0. — 0. W. Wodehouse P. — P. W.

Contents

Page

List of Abbreviations ......................................................... The Infinitive .................................................................. Predicative Constructions with the Infinitive ...... …….. Revision ........................................................................ The Gerund ................................................................... Predicative Constructions with the Gerund .................. Revision ........................................................................ The Participle ................................................................. Predicative Constructions with Participle I ................... Absolute Participial Constructions ............................... Participle II .................... ………………………………... Revision ........................................................................ General Revision .................... …………………………

THE INFINITIVE

I. There are the following verbals in English: the infinitive, the gerund, the participle (I and II).

II. The Infinitive - combines the characteristics of the verb with those of the noun. Verbal features of the infinitive: tense-correlation, aspect, voice; takes a direct object, can be modified by an adverb. Noun features: syntactical functions of the infinitive are close to those of the noun.

Transitive verbs have six forms of the infinitive:

	Active	Passive
Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous	to write to be writing to have written to have been writing	to be written --------------- to have been written ---------------

a) The indefinite form (non - perfect) of the active voice.

E.g. She is said to teach English.

Говорят, что она преподает английский.

b) The continuous form of the active voice.

E.g. She is said to be giving an English lesson now.

Говорят, что она дает урок английского сейчас.

с) The perfect form of the active voice.

E.g. She is said to have taught English before.

Говорят, что она преподавала английский.

d) The perfect continuous form of the active voice.

E.g. She is said to have been teaching English since 1995(for 2 years).

Говорят, что она преподает английский с 1995 года (уже 2 года).

e) The indefinite form of the passive voice.

E.g. She is said to be taught English.

Говорят, что ее обучают английскому.

d ) The perfect form of the passive voice .

E.g. She is said to have been taught English before.

Говорят, что ее обучали английскому.

Intransitive verbs lack passive forms of the infinitive.

	Active	Passive
Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous	to sleep to be sleeping to have slept to have been sleeping	------------- ------------- ------------- -------------

III. The Indefinite Form of the infinitive expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb, so it may refer to the present, past, future.

* I like to read.

* I hope to see you tomorrow.

The Continuous Formexpresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb but this action is an action in progress, it is a temporary and not a usual one.

* She is said to be giving a lesson now.

The Perfect Form has three functions:

a) The perfect form expresses priority (this is its general meaning).

* I`m glad to have spoken to you.

b) after the modal verbs ought to, could, should and after the verbs expressing hope or intention theperfect form expresses an action that wasn`t carried out.

* You ought to have consulted the doctor. (but you didn`t)

* She could have finished her work long ago.

* I meant to have written to you. (but I didn`t)

c) Together with the verbs must, may, might the perfect form expresses probability with regads to a prior action.

* She must have lost her pen in the tram. (I am almost sure.)

* She may have lost her pen un the tram. (I am less sure.)

* She might have lost her pen in the tram. (I am even less sure.)

IV. The use of the Infinitive without the particle to. (The Bare Infinitive.)

In modern English the infinitive is chiefly used with the particle “to“. But there are cases when so - called BARE Infinitive is used , they are as following:

1. after auxiliary verbs:

* I don`t understand you.

* I shall go there at once.

2. after modal verbs, except: ought to, have to, be to:

* If one cannot have what one loves,

he must love what he has.

3. after verbs denoting sense perception such as:

to see, to feel, to watch, to observe

* I felt my heart jump.

* I never saw you look so before.

4. after the verb to make in the meaning of “заставлять “ and the verb

to havein the meaning of “заставлять, велеть“: