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A description of five major functional styles given in this section is based on their most distinctive features on each level of the language structure: pnonetical (where possible), morphological, syntactical, lexical and compositional. A peculiar combination of these features and special emphasis on some of them creates the paradigm of what is called a scientific or publicist text, a legal or other official

Publicist style.Literary colloquial style.Familiar colloquial style.Each style, according to Morokhovsky has a combination of distinctive features. Among them we find oppositions like 'artistic - non-artistic', 'presence of personality - absence of it', 'formal - informal situation', 'equal - unequal social status' (of the participants of communication), 'written or oral form'. Morokhovsky emphasizes that these five

As has been mentioned before there are a great many classifications of language varieties that are called sublanguages, substyles, registers and functional styles that use various criteria for their definition and categorisation. The term generally accepted by most Russian scholars is functional styles. It is also used in this course. A few classifications of the functional styles in modern English will be

Any national language uses the notion of 'correct language' which involves conformity to the grammatical, lexical and phonetic standards accepted as normative in this society. The favoured variety is usually a version of the standard written language, especially as encountered in literature or in the formal spoken language that most closely reflects litterary style. It is presented in dictionaries, grammars and

The verb is one of the oldest parts of speech and has a very developed grammatical paradigm. It possesses more grammatical categories that any other part of speech. All deviant usages of its tense, voice and aspect forms have strong stylistic connotations and play an important role in creating a metaphorical meaning. A vivid example of the grammatical metaphor of the first type (form transposition) is the use of

The stylistic functions of the pronoun also depend on the disparity between the traditional and contextual (situational) meanings. This is the grammatical metaphor of the first type based on the transposition of the form, when one pronoun is transposed into the action sphere of another pronoun. So personal pronouns We, You, They and others can be employed in the meaning different from their dictionary meaning. The

ellipsis; aposiopesis; one-member nominative sentences. Redundancy: repetition of sentence parts, syntactic tautology (prolepsis), polysyndeton.Word orderInversion of sentence members. Communicative types of sentences Quasi-affirmative sentences: Isn't that too bad? - That is too bad. Quasi-interrogative sentences: Here you are to write down your age and birthplace - How old are you? Where were you born?

One of the latest classifications of expressive means and stylistic devices is given in the book "Fundamentals of English Stylistics" by Y. M. Skrebnev published in 1994 (47). Skrebnev's approach demonstrates a combination of principles observed in Leech's system of paradigmatic and syntagmatic subdivision and the level-oriented approach on which Galperin's classification is founded. At the same time it

The classification suggested by Prof. Galperin is simply organised and very detailed. His manual "Stylistics" published in 1971 includes the following subdivision of expressive means and stylistic devices based on the level-oriented approach: 1. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices. 2. Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices. 3. Syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices". 1.

One of the first linguists who tried "to modernize" traditional rhetoric system was a British scholar G. Leech. In 1967 his contribution into stylistic theory in the book "Essays on Style and Language" was published in London (39). Paying tribute to the descriptive linguistics popular at the time he tried to show how linguistic theory could be accommodated to the task of describing such

Tropes: 1. Metaphor - the application of a word (phrase) to an object (concept) it doesn't literally denote to suggest comparison with another object or concept. E. g. A mighty Fortress is our God. 2. Puzzle (Riddle) - a statement that requires thinking over a con­fusing or difficult problem that needs to be solved. 3. Synecdoche - the mention of a part for the whole. E.g. A fleet of 50 sail, (ships) 4. Metonymy -

Expressive means and stylistic devices. Different classifications of expressive means and stylistic devices from antique to modern times.In my reading of modern French novels I had acquired the habit of underlining expressions, which struck me as aberrant from general usage, and it often happened that the underlined passages taken together seemed to offer a certain consistency. Iwondered if it would be possible to

Speaking of the notion of style and stylistic colouring we cannot avoid the problem of the norm and neutrality and stylistic colouring in contrast to it. Most scholars abroad and in this country giving definitions of style come to the conclusion that style may be defined as deviation from the lingual norm. It means that what is stylistically conspicuous, stylistically relevant or stylistically coloured is a

One of the fundamental concepts of linguistics is the dichotomy of "language and speech" (langue - parole) introduced by F. de Saussure. According to it language is a system of elementary and complex signs: phonemes, morphemes, words, word combinations, utterances and combinations of utterances. Language as such a system exists in human minds only and linguistic forms or units can be systematised into

Units of language on different levels are studied by traditional branches of linguistics such as phonetics that deals with speech sounds and intonation; lexicology that treats words, their meaning and vocabulary structure, grammar that analyses forms of words and their function in a sentence which is studied by syntax. These areas of linguistic study are rather clearly defined and have a long-term tradition of

Fundamentals of the Course Допущено Министерством образования Российской Федерации в качестве учебного пособия для студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по специальности 030500 - Профессиональное обучение (по отраслям) Издание

Т.А.ЗнаменскаяСтилистика английского языкаОсновы КУРСА •Т. A. ZnamenskayaStylistics of the English LanguageFundamentals of the Course Допущено Министерством образования Российской Федерации в качестве учебного пособия для студентов высших учебных заведений,

1. Почти никто не готов. 2. Вряд ли кто-нибудь знает ответ. 3. Что это? 4. Кто из вас готов? 5. Не выпьете чего-нибудь? 6. Ты что-то хоть сможешь сделать? 7. У квартиры свой вход. 8. Я прочел всю книгу. 9. У каждой женщины свои капризы. 10. Все

1. __ (her, hers) are the worst answers. ___ (her, hers) marks are the worst too. 2. They are looking for ___ (their, theirs) keys. 3. Put down ___ (my, mine) address and I’ll write down ___ (your, yours). 4. It’s nobody’s business but ___ (my, mine). 5. Give it back! It’s ___ (her, hers)! 6. From now on you’re an enemy of ___ (their, theirs). 7. ___ (my, mine) chip’s yellow, ___ (her, hers) – green,