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OBJECT CLAUSESObject clauses are less easily defined and less easily recognizable than either subject or predicative clauses. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that views differ as to what the limits of the notion "object clause" should be. We may try to apply the same criterion that worked well in the case of subject and predicative clauses, viz. omit the subordinate clause and see what part of the

SUBJECT CLAUSESThe notion of a subject clause is not quite clearly defined. The idea at the bottom of the category is this: a clause which performs within a complex sentence the same function that the subject performs within a simple sentence. But in some cases this definition does not appear to be sufficient. To make the essence of what a subject clause is quite clear let us first take some examples in which no

We have agreed to term one-member sentences those sentences which have no separate subject and predicate but one main part only instead (see p. 190). Among these there is the type of sentence whose main part is a noun (or a substantivised part of speech), the meaning of the sentence being that the thing denoted by the noun exists in a certain place or at a certain time. Such sentences are frequent, for example, in

Now we come to the second question, about the limits of the compound verbal predicate. It arises from the fact that a rather considerable number of verbs can be followed by an infinitive, some of them with, others without the particle to. Among such verbs are: shall, will, should, would, can, may, must (without to); ought, wish, want, desire, hate, fear, begin, start, continue, omit, forget, remember, etc. (with

These fall under two main heads: (1) agreement or concord, (2) government. Syntactical Relations between the Components of a Phrase 175 Agreement By agreement we mean a method of expressing a syntactical relationship, which consists in making the subordinate word take a form similar to that of the word to which it is subordinate. In Modern English this can refer only to the category of number: a subordinate word

This problem arises chiefly in connection with the possible double use of a number of verbs in Modern English. Compare, for instance, such pairs of sentences as these: I opened the door The door opened I burnt the paper The paper burnt I boiled the water The water boiled We resumed the conference The conference resumed We apply the rule to many The rule applies to many cases cases First let us formulate what is

Taking, then, first the problem of the reflexive voice, we will formulate it in the following way. Can the group "verb + self-pronoun" (i. e. myself, himself, ourselves, etc.) be the reflexive voice of a verb, that is, can the self-pronouns ever be auxiliary words serving to derive a voice form of the verb? This is putting the problem in purely morphological terms. But it also has a syntactical side to it.

The problem of aspect is intimately connected with a lexicological problem, which we shall therefore have to touch upon here. It may be well illustrated by the following series of examples. If we have, for example, the sentence, A young man sat in the corner of the room, we can say, instead, A young man was sitting in the corner of the room, without affecting the basic meaning of the sentence. The same situation may

There are many examples in English pronouns of the same phonetic unit used to express different meanings in different contexts. So the question arises whether this is a case of polysemy, that is, different meanings of the same word, or of homonymy, that is, different words sounding alike. We may state the following cases in point: that demonstrative and that relative; who interrogative and who relative; which

It is common knowledge that adjectives can, under certain circumstances, be substantivised, i. e. become nouns. This is a phenomenon found in many languages, e. g. in Russian: compare ученый человек and ученый; рабочий стаж and рабочий. In German, compare ein gelehrter Mann and ein Gelehrter; in French, un homme savant and un savant, etc. The phenomenon is also frequent enough in

It has been a long debated question how many articles there are in English. Obviously there are only two material articles, the definite article the and the indefinite article a (an). The distinction thus is between, for instance, the language and a language. However, the noun language, and indeed many other nouns, are also used without any article, as in the sentence Language is a means of communication. It is

In giving a list of parts of speech, we have not so far mentioned the terms "notional" and "formal". It is time now to turn to this question. According to the view held by some grammarians, 2 words should be divided into two categories on the following principle: some words denote things, actions, and other extralinguistic phenomena (these, then, would be notional words), whereas other words

1. Proceeding in the usual order, we start with the noun,or substantive.3 Its characteristic features are the following. (1) Meaning: thingness. Thus, nouns include not only chair and iron, etc., but also beauty, peace, necessity, journey, and everything else presented as a thing, or object. 1 We do not consider here the functions of the infinitive, participle, and gerund. 2 Some scholars took a different view of

1. there is 2. it is 3. it 4. they 5. A car ... to me for the week. 1. has lent 2. lent 3. has been lent 4. is to lend 6. He said he ... me the next day. 1. will see 2. is seeing 3. would have seen 4. would see 7. The cake ... wonderful. 1. tastes 2. is tasting 3. was tasted 4. taste 8. Everybody except … can come. 1. he 2. himself 3. his 4. him 9. If I ... enough time tomorrow, I’ll help you with the housework.

1. there is 2.it is 3. this is 4.these are 5. We can’t use the sports hall yet because it ... . 1. is still built 2.is still being built 3. is still building 4.has still been building 6. As soon as she came in, I knew I ... her before. 1. have seen 2.saw 3. had seen 4.have been seeing 7. I wish I ... Chinese. 1. spoke 2.speak 3. will speak 4.have spoken 8. “Who’s there?” – “ ... “ 1.it’s me 2.it’s

1.1. однако 1. just 2. sometimes 2. вот почему 3. often 4. till 3. когда-либо 5. that's why 6. ago 4. только-что 7. ever 8. because 5. часто 9. however 10. seldom 2.1. без 1. among 2. in spite of 2. согласно 3. with 4. hardly 3. если не 5. until 6. according to 4. едва 7. along 8. without 5. среди 9. hard 10. unless 3.1. в конечном счете

1. 1. from 2. 1. tomorrow 3. 1. it 2. come 2. me 2. by 3. friend 3. able 3. impossible 4. holiday 4. you 4. why 5. back 5. be 5. train 6. your 6. to help 6. is 7. has 7. will 7. there 8. to get 4. 1. English 5. 1. like 6.1. get 2. contract 2. early 2. English 3. are 3. you 3. you 4. into 4. getting 4. what 5. going 5. do 5. in 6. when 6. up 6. usually 7. this 7. did 8. to translate 8. marks 9. you 7. 1. car 8. 1.

1. none 2. nothing 3. no 4. no one 31. I have never been ... more beautiful than Scotland. 1. nowhere 2. anywhere 3. everywhere 4. somewhere 32. We couldn't buy anything because ... of the shops were open. 1. none 2. no one 3. all 4. nothing 33. Did ... phone me when I was out? 1. any 2. anybody 3. some 4. somebody 34. I've heard ... about this project but I don't know all the details. 1. something 2. anything 3.

1. … the grammar rules, he made a lot of mistakes. 1. Not to know 2. Not knowing 3. Don’t know 4. Not known 2. He suggested … to the art exhibition. 1. go 2. to go 3. going 4. of going 3. We made him … his promise. 1. keep 2. to keep 3. keeping 4. being kept 4. This telephone line needs … . 1. check 2. checking 3. to check 4. having checked 5. He agreed … me his car for the weekend. 1. lend 2. to lend 3.