Работа с текстом Washington D.C

Washington D.C., the capital of the United States of America, is situated on the Potomac River. Washington does not belong to a state. It is a city and district – the District of Columbia (D.C.). The District is a piece of land 10 miles square. The city is named in honour of the nation’s first president, George Washington. The district is named in honour of Columbus, the discoverer of America. After the War of Independence the USA needed a capital city.

Pierre L’Enfant, a French designer and engineer, designed the city. He planned straight streets with trees on both sides, beautiful buildings, and monuments to honour great men. By 1800 the president’s house was almost finished. The buildings for the Congress of the USA and some other buildings were built on the hill. These buildings were called the Capitol. Then the hill was renamed Capitol Hill. In 1800 President John Adams, the second president, and other members of the Government moved to the new city of Washington D.C. The city became the Federal capital.

The city is divided into four sections: northeast (NE), northwest (NW), Southeast (SE), southwest (SW).

Washington is the world’s largest one-industry city. And that industry is government. Political buildings and monuments completely dominate the city center. The White House, where the US president lives and works in the Oval Office, the Capitol, the home of the US Congress, and the Supreme Court, are all in Washington.

At the end of Constitution Avenue rises the huge dome of the Capitol – a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars. The members of the Congress meet here to discuss the nation’s affairs. Not far from the Capitol is the Library of Congress, the largest library in the States. It contains more than 13 million books, more than 19 million manuscripts, including the personal papers of the US presidents. At the other end of the Constitution Avenue there’s the Lincoln Memorial – huge statue dedicated to the memory of Abraham Lincoln.

There are various monuments among them the Washington Monument and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, surrounded by parkland and lakes.

It also has 33 parks. The most beautiful park in metropolitan Washington apart from Rock Greek, is Great Falls Park. This park is split in two by the waterfalls from the Virginia side.

In 1922 the famous cherry trees were planted in Washington. the 3000 flowering cherry trees were a gift from Japan and still a major attraction for visitors and residents in the early days of spring.

Some of the finest museums in America include the National Gallery of Art, the National Air and Space museum and the Smithsonian Institution. In the museums we can see all kind of things: famous paintings and sculptures, the dresses of Presidents’ wives. The original of the Declaration of Independence, the largest blue diamond in the world. There are 5 universities in Washington.

Washington is one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the US. The metropolitan area now has a population of nearly 3 million people. In the inner urban area of Washington D.C. the majority of population is black or Afro-Americans as they are now called, and they are used in the services.

There are no skyscrapers in the capital, because they would hide the city’s many monuments from view. No building in the city may be more than 40 metres tall.

СИСТЕМА ПРОШЕДШЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ.

Past Simple Tense – прошедшее простое время

1) Обозначает действие, которое было, происходило, просто имело место когда-то в прошлом, так же употребляется для обозначения цепочки событий в прошлом.

2) Маркерами данного времени является маркерами Present Simple, но обстоятельства времени особые:

Yesterday – вчера

Last … - в прошлый … сочетание с таким словом не имеет не артиклей, ни предлогов.

… ago – тому назад.

Once upon a time – когда то давным давно.

3) Структура утверждения. П + V2(ed) + ВЧП

4) Структура отрицания. П + did + not + V1 + ВЧП

КОФ didn`t

5) Структура общего вопроса. Did + П + V1 + ВЧП?

6) Структура разделительного вопроса. Утвердительное предложение, didn`t + П (местоимение).

7) Специальный вопрос. Специальное вопросительное слово + Did + П + V1 + ВЧП.

8) Вопрос к подлежащему. Who + V2(ed) + ВЧП.

Past Continuous Tense – прошедшее продолженное время

1) Обозначает действие, которое происходило, длилось в определенный момент прошлого, либо в момент совершения другого, к более краткого или однократного действия.

2) Поэтому данное время характеризуется несколькими способами маркирования:

At the moment – в тот момент.

Предложения с союзом when(когда) или while(пока).

При этом более длительное действие выражается PC, а более краткое или однократное – PS, иногда в предложении указываются 2 абсолютно равнозначные и равно длительные действия. Тогда в обоих предложениях следует употреблять PC.

3) Утвердительное предложение. 4) П + was/were + Ving + ВЧП

5) Общий вопрос. Was/were + П + Ving + ВЧП

6) Разделительный вопрос Утвердительное предложение, wasn`t, weren`t + П

7) Специальный вопрос. Специальный вопрос + Was/were + П + Ving + ВЧП

8) Вопрос к подлежащему. Who + was + Ving + ВЧП