Эквиваленты модальных глаголов
Модальные глаголы имеют не все временные формы. Отсутствующие временные формы восполняются эквивалентами модальных глаголов.
| Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты | Present | Past | Future |
| 1. CAN | can | could | - |
| to be able (to) | am able (to) is able (to) are able (to) | was able (to) were able (to) | shall be able (to) will be able (to) |
| 2. MAY | may | might | - |
| to be allowed (to) | am allowed (to) is allowed (to) are allowed (to) | was allowed (to) were allowed (to) | shall be allowed (to) will be allowed (to) |
| 3. MUST | must | - | - |
| to have (to) | have (to) has (to) | had (to) | shall have (to) will have (to) |
| to be (to) | am (to) is (to) are (to) | was (to) were (to) | - |
| should | should | - | - |
| ought (to) | ought (to) | - | - |
| to be obliged (to) | am obliged (to) is obliged (to) are obliged (to) | was obliged (to) were obliged (to) | shall be obliged (to) will be obliged (to) |
Упражнение
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сказуемое с эквивалентом модального глагола.
1. He is to come to the lab at 10 o’clock. 2. The atom is to serve mankind. 3. He had to work hard before he was able to complete his research. 4. You will have to show the equation to your teacher. 5. As the student was late he was not allowed to enter the classroom. 6. He is to take his exam in June. 7. You ought to see a doctor. 8. You should know about it. 9. The students were unable (were not able) to do the work without their teacher’s help. He had to help them.
10. These laboratories have to buy modern equipment.
АФФИКСЫ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
Префиксы с отрицательным значением
dis- disorganized
il- illegal
im- impossible
in- informal
ir- irregular
mis- misinformed
non- non-round
un- unsuccessful
de- decode
under- underestimate
anti- antiwar
Наиболее употребительные префиксы
co- cooperate
counter- counter-weight
extra- extraordinary
in- inlay
multi- multistage
over- overcome
poly- polytechnical
post- postwar
pre- prewar
re- reorganize
trans- transformation
super- superprofits
under- underground
Упражнения
1. Прочитайте и переведите слова:
Remake, overpay, subsystem, overload, preheat, enlarge, interaction, semiconductor, reconstruct, superlow, overheat, interact, subway, rebuild, overwork, reorganize, superheat, overpay, reproduce, overvalue, antisocial, cooperation, postdated, supersonic, demilitarize, extraordinary, prehistoric, resell.
2. Прочитайте и переведите слова:
Unhappy, non-essential, disconnect, incorrect, imperfect, immobile, irresponsible, illiberal, unfamiliar, unfit, misuse, indivisible, undesirable, indifferent, unproductive, non-metallic, unwanted, independent, impure, irrelative, illogical, disconnect, misinformation, dislike, inorganic, unstable, non-living, inexpensive, irregular, indefinite.
Основные суффиксы существительных
-er user, sender
-or operator, accumulator
-ment development
-ion promotion
-ence reference
-ive initiative
-ance performance
-age coverage
-ing training
-cy accuracy
-ism capitalism
-ness politeness
-dom freedom
-ship partnership
-ity reliability
-ist economist
Основные суффиксы прилагательных и наречий
-able changeable
-al professional
-ant important
-ary monetary
-ed limited
-ent confident
-ful successful
-ial industrial
-ible responsible
-ic economic
-ing leading
-ive competitive
-less useless
-ous famous
-y wealthy
-ly costly
Упражнения
1. Прочитайте и переведите слова:
1. Remarkable, valuable, profitable, marketable, exchangeable, understandable, variable.
2. Impractical, unstable, uncertain, useless, helpless, annually, personally, fully, deeply, recently, naturally, freely, meaningful, technological, active, serious, attentive, local, accurate.
3. Subcontractor, owner, computer, buyer, manager, operator.
4. Locality, property, difficulty, foundation, specialization, contribution, reliability, unity, reality, prosperity, publication, formality, subdivision, development, unemployment, friendship, reference, performance.
2. Прочитайте и переведите слова:
account – accountant – accounting – accounts – accountable
own – owner – ownership
trade – trader – trading – trade
lead – leader – leading – leadership
develop – development – developed
employ – employee – employer – employment – unemployment
produce – product – production – productive
profit – profitable – profitability
compete – competitor – competition – competitive
economy – economics – economic – economical – economically – economize – economist
cooperate – cooperation – cooperative
3. Прочитайте и переведите предложения:
1. The situation in the market is very changeable. 2. His professional skills are high. 3. It was an important decision. 4. The monetary unit is understandable. 5. They are very confident and independent. 6. The successful candidate must be creative. 7. He is responsible for this division. 8. We are a leading company in the market. 9. We produce competitive products. 10. These were useless efforts. 11. It was a costly mistake. 12. IBM is a famous company. 13. They were wealthy bankers. 14. He is a famous lawyer. 15. Our auditors were sent to audit the firm accounts. 16. The development of this line is important. 17. She has got a promotion. 18. You did it on your own initiative. 19. Her performance is very good. 19. Employee training programs are very interesting. 20. Everything should be done with accuracy. 21. In over 150 years capitalism spread all over the world. 22. Sometimes English does not use forms of politeness which are common in other languages. 23. He is enjoying his newly-found freedom. 24. Their products are famous for their reliability. 25. He will be a very good economist.