Способы выражения прошедшего времени
PAST SIMPLE (INDEFINITE)
Прошедшее неопределенное
| Утвердительная форма | Отрицательная форма | Вопросительная форма | |
| I He She worked It Weknew You They | I He She did not work It Wedid not know You They | I he Didshe work? it Did we know? you they | |
| He bought a new car a month ago. | She didn’t make any mistakes in the test. | Did you see Mr. Bell yesterday? | |
| Случаи употребления: | |||
| 1. действие, произошедшее в некоторый момент временив прошлом(время действия указывается или подразумевается) | She graduatedfrom the universityin 2008. – Она окончила университет 2008 году. They met at the conference. – Они познакомились на конференции. | ||
| 2. повторяющиеся или последовательные действия в прошлом | Every day he came to the office, sat down at his table and started working. – Каждый день он приходил в офис, садился за стол и начинал работать. | ||
| 3. действие, которое длилось в течение некоторого периода времени в прошлом и теперь закончено | He studied for four years to become a lawyer. – Он учился в течение четырех лет, чтобы стать юристом. | ||
| Обстоятельства времени: | |||
| yesterday – вчера last week – на прошлой неделе a year ago – год назад | on Wednesday – в среду in autumn – осенью earlier – раньше the other day – на днях | in 2012 – в 2012 году When …? – Когда …? How long ago …? – Сколько времени тому назад …? | |
PAST CONTINUOUS
Прошедшее длительное
| Утвердительная форма | Отрицательная форма | Вопросительная форма | |
| I He was working She It | I He was not working She It | I Was he working? she it | |
| We You were working They | We You were not working They | we Were you working? they | |
| I was reading a newspaper at 5 o’clock. | We weren’t expecting him till Monday. | What washe doing when you called? | |
| Случаи употребления: | |||
| 1. действие, которое происходило (длилось) в точное времяв прошлом | Shewas typingletters from 9 to 11 o’clock. – Она печатала письма с 9 до 11 часов. | ||
| 2. действие, на фоне или в процессе развития которого произошло другое действие | I was talking on the phone when my boss arrived.–Я разговаривал по телефону, когда приехал мой босс. | ||
| 3. слишком часто повторявшееся действие, которое вызывало недовольство, раздражение | She was always complaining about her colleagues! – Вечно она жаловалась на коллег! | ||
| Обстоятельства времени: | |||
| at 5 o’clock– в 5 часов from 3 to 4– с 3 до 4 at noon– в полдень | at that time– в то время the whole day– весь день while– в то время как | when the phone rang – когда зазвонил телефон when he came – когда он пришел | |
PAST PERFECT
Прошедшее совершенное
| Утвердительная форма | Отрицательная форма | Вопросительная форма |
| I He She had worked It Wehad known You They | I He She had not worked It We had not known You They | I he Had she worked? it Had we known? you they |
| They had finished by 5 o’clock. | I realised that he hadn’t received the news yet. | Had the police arrived before he escaped? |
| Случаи употребления: | ||
| 1. действие, которое завершилось до определенного момента времени в прошлом (предпрошедшее) | She had prepared everything by the end of the day. – Она все подготовила к концу дня. I realised that we had met before. – Я понял, что мы встречались раньше. | |
| 2. действие, которое имело результат в прошлом | Mr. Lynn was angry as his documents had disappeared. – Мистер Линн злился, так как его документы исчезли. | |
| 3. в конструкции Past Perfect before Past Indefinite | I had booked the hotel before I went on a business trip. – Я забронировал отель до того, как поехал в командировку. | |
| 4. в конструкции Past Indefinite after Past Perfect | I came to the station after the train had left. – Я приехал на вокзал после того, как поезд ушел. | |
| 5. в конструкциях hardly … when, scarcely … when, no sooner … than | Hardly had Ientered the room when the phone rang. – Как только я вошел в комнату, зазвонил телефон. | |
| Обстоятельства времени: | ||
| by 9 o’clock– к 9 часам by that time – к тому времени | before– до того, как after– после того, как | beforehand – заранее in advance – заранее |
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Прошедшее совершенно-длительное
| Утвердительная форма | Отрицательная форма | Вопросительная форма | |
| I He Shehad been It working We You They | I He She had not been It working We You They | I he Had she been it working? we you they | |
| She wanted to sit down because she had been standing all day. | He was not tired because he had not been exercising hard. | Had you been waiting there for more than an hour when she arrived? | |
| Случаи употребления: | |||
| 1. действие началось до определенного момента времени в прошлом и длилось в течение определенного периода (предпрошедшее длительное) | I had been trying to get through for an hour before someone answered the phone. – Я пытался дозвониться в течение часа, прежде чем кто-то подошел к телефону. I thought she had been talking on the phone since early morning. – Я подумал, что она разговаривала по телефону с самого утра. | ||
| Обстоятельства времени: | |||
| by that time – к тому времени before – до того, как How long …? – Как долго …? | for a week– в течение недели since morning– с утра all day long– весь день | ||
I. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. Last year we (introduced / were introducing) a new quality control system.
2. He (worked / was working) on the report all day long yesterday.
3. The other day I (phoned / was phoning)the bank about my overdraft.
4. This time yesterday morning he (was driving / had been driving)to work.
5. When (did you choose / were you choosing) to take a course in public administration?
6. British economist Alfred Marshal (was defining / defined) economics as ‘study of mankind in the ordinary business of life’.
7. My assistant (typed / was typing)a letter when the telephone (rang / rung).
8. I (found / was finding) the missing file while I (looked / was looking) for some other documents.
9. They (were / were being) one of our biggest competitors, but they (went / were going) bankrupt two months ago.
10. When I (arrived / was arriving) at the office Ms Flick (waited / was waiting) for me.
11. My fellow worker (was always complaining / always complained) about something and that (annoyed / were annoying) me so much.
12. While the chairman (was speaking / spoke), his secretary (was making / made) short notes for reference.
13. He (said / was saying) no at first, but then he (changed / was changing) his mind.
14. When I (declined / was declined) their offer, I only (was thinking / thought) of your welfare.
15. The auditors (noticed / were noticing) a large unauthorised withdrawal while they (looked / were looking) through the annual accounts.
II. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. The standard of living in Belarus (has gone up / went) up during the 2000s.
2. We (have sent / sent) you the payment order twice this week.
3. The union (agreed / has agreed)on Tuesday to resume wage negotiations.
4. How long ago (have you taken / did you take) the courses in professional development?
5. This month we (received / have received) a lot of complaints about customer service.
6. In the past year, how often (did you use / had you used) your smartphone for any shopping-related activity?
7. (Have you ever applied / Did you ever apply) any tried-and-tested methods to motivate your staff?
8. Several months ago the management (launched / has launched) the new insurance scheme for the employees.
9. It was announced that the lawmakers (had rejected / have rejected) the proposal to reduce taxes.
10. After the official end of the assembly, the exchange of views (continued / has continued) for a few minutes in the lecture hall.
11. The slow economy (has forced / forced) many companies in the past few months to cut back on the numbers in their workforce.
12. He (lived / has lived) in Glasgow for five years and then (had moved / moved) to Manchester.
13. After we (had designed / have designed) the new logo, our company’s image definitely (improved / had improved).
14. They (were operating / have operated) as a joint venture since the company (started / have started) in 2010.
15. Hardly (had I finished / did I finish) with the cost-efficiency analysis when the CEO (called / had called) me out.
16. The applicants (had been / were) happy to hear that they (had passed / passed) the job interview successfully.
17. Nicole (closed / has closed) the windows, (set / setted) the alarm and (leaved / left) the office.
18. I never (have been / had been) to an international exhibition until I (attended / was attending) the one in Tokyo last week.
19. How (did it happen / has it happened) that you (became / had become) interested in public administration?
20. Mr. Bronx (was / had been) the Chief Executive of the company for twenty years before he (had retired / retired).
III. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. We … a few long-term contracts during our business trip to China.
a. signed c. were signed
b. have signed d. had signed
2. I … out job applications for months. Finally, I got a phone call.
a. have been sending c. sent
b. had been sending d. was sending
3. Mr. Billboard … his decision over during the lunch break.
a. thought c. had thought
b. had been thinking d. has been thinking
4. I am writing in connection with the advertisement which … on 3 December.
a. appeared c. had appeared
b. used to appear d. has appeared
5. According to the first reports, the Democratic Party … enough votes to get its candidates to the European Parliament.
a. had not got c.did not get
b. have not got d. had not been getting
6. Mrs. Polson … election meetings all day and was extremely tired.
a. attended c. was attending
b. has attended d. had been attending
7. Before they closed down the subsidiary, it … money for years.
a. was losing c. had been losing
b. has been losing d. had lost
8. We … completely satisfied with the results of the negotiations as not all our requirements had been met.
a. didn’t be c. hadn’t been
b. haven’t been d. weren’t
9. Mrs. Smithson was furious. She … for her assistant for half an hour.
a. waited c. had waited
b. was waiting d. had been waiting
10. All drivers who … the traffic regulations have to settle their fines as soon as possible.
a. had violated c. were violating
b. have violated d. had been violating
11. While in office he regularly … with his counsellors before implementing new policies.
a. was consulting c. consulted
b. had consulted d. had been consulting
12. We take this opportunity to thank everyone who … so much effort to make this exhibition a success.
a. has put in c. had put in
b. put in d. was putting in
13. Mr. Johnson … as an engineer for ten years before he … a supervisor.
a. works; has becomec. worked; had become
b. had worked; became d. has been working; became
14. They … us an attractive offer and we willingly … it.
a. were making; were accepting c. made; accepted
b. had made; had accepted d. made; had accepted
15. One of our distributors … while I … to my deputy.
a. called; was talking c. was calling; talked
b. was calling; was talking d. had called; talked
16. I … changing my present job for some time before I finally … up my mind.
a. was considering; made c. considered; had made
b. had considered; was making d. had been considering; made
17. While we … a solution, our rivals … everything possible to oppose us.
a. sought; had been doing c. were seeking; were doing
b. had been seeking; were doing d. had sought; did
18. I already … the approval of most committee members before the chairman … off on the project.
a. got; had signed c. was getting; had signed
b. had got; signed d. had been getting; signed
19. After they … the company, they … to make employees redundant.
a. bought; had started c. had bought; started
b. bought; started d. have bought; have started
20. Everybody … unhappy. They … their business partner’s bankruptcy.
a. looked; have been discussing c. had looked; discussed
b. was looking; were discussing d. looked; had been discussing
IV. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в одной из форм прошедшего времени:
1. The committee (meet) four times last week, but still no decision has been reached.
2. When I (work) as a web developer, I was responsible for updating and maintaining all of the corporate websites.
3. I (try) to get in touch with you all day yesterday. Where you (be)?
4. They (make) us an attractive offer and we willingly (accept) it.
5. Over the last decade, there (be) a consistent decline in the employment of people with a disability.
6. Fred (not give) any explanation why he (be) late for work.
7. Our company operates all over Belarus. We (set up) new branches in Moscow and Kiev last year.
8. A head hunter (approach) Mrs. Spears when she (work) for Sea Cargo Ltd.
9. He (keep) his job although the manager (threaten) to dismiss him several times.
10. After the experts (finish) their study, they (write) a report for the directors giving a list of recommendations.
11. The Head of Sales (explain) his proposal to the Board of Directors when the Marketing Director (cut) him short.
12. The negotiators (realise) another meeting would be necessary because they (not reach) an agreement.
13. The chairman’s main fault was that he constantly (interrupt) the speakers before they (finish).
14. I (leave) my last job because I was sure that they (not recognise) my accomplishments.
15. While I (negotiate) the contract, my boss (phone) me to say that I should insist on absolutely different terms.
16. She (start) writing the introduction to the quarterly report after she (clarify) some points.
17. When we (get) to the airport, we (hear) that they (cancel) all the flights.
18. I (not see) the figures before the meeting, so it (put) me at a disadvantage during the discussion.
19. While I (have) lunch, I (look) through the financial newspapers and saw that the company’s investments (grow) by 10%.
20. When I (get) back after lunch, my secretary (tell) me that somebody (phone) when I (be) out.